Research progress on O-GlcNAcylation in the occurrence, development, and treatment of colorectal cancer

Table 2 Gene targets associated with O-GlcNAcylation in colorectal cancer

Category	Action site	Type	Pathway	Influence
Tumor suppressor gene	APC[99]	CPC; Apc cell	APC/Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway	Affect apoptosis and growth
GT41	OGT[100]	HT29 cell	OGT silencing	Accelerate invasion and metastasis
	OGA[101]	SW480 cell	(1) OGA silencing. And (2) p53 signaling canonical Pathway	(1) Upregulate PPAR, HMG-CoA synthase, and reductase. And (2) Downregulate genes of the Akt1 substrate 1, CPT1A, AIF1, AIF2, and p53
Polypeptide N- GALNT12	T491M[102]	Germ line cell	Genetic mutations	Lead to CRC susceptibility
	T491M[102]
	R373H[102]
	R382H[102]
Programmed Cell Death Protein 1 (PDCD1)	PD-L1[81]	CD8+ cell	β-catenin/STT3 signaling pathway	Accelerate immune evasion and reduce apoptosis
GalNAc-transferases (GalNAc-Ts)	GalNAc-T3[103]	Primary cell	-	Promote differentiation and invasion
	GalNAc-T6[23]	Wild Type (WT) LS174T cell	Cell signaling pathway	Be a potential key regulator of the malignant phenotype of CRC
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR)	Death Receptor (DR)-4 and DR-5[97,104]	GALNT14 genotypes and stage III Cell	(1) Apoptotic signaling pathway. And (2) DR-mediated signaling pathway	Trigger the mechanism of apoptosis.
G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)	CXCR4 [105]	CXCR4+/− ApcMin/+ cell	(1) lncRNA XIST/ miR-133a-3p/RhoA signaling pathway. (2) JAK2-STAT3 inflammatory signaling pathway. And (3) CXCL12/CXCR4 axis	(1) Increase IL-1, IL-6, and TNF levels. (2) Invasion and Metastasis. (3) Recruit immune suppressive cells. And (4) Regulate RhoA expression by sponging miR-133a-3p
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)	TGF-β[106]	CD44+ cell	TGF-beta signaling pathway	Enhance stem cell properties
	TWIST1[106]	CD44+ cell	TGF-beta signaling pathway	Enhance stem cell properties
	TGFβR2[107]	IBD-associated cell	p21-mediated/ TGF-β signaling pathway	Cause reduced p21 activation and reduced apoptosis
Rho	RhoA[108]	CXCR4-overexpressing HCT116 cell	RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway	(1) Regulate RhoA expression by sponging miR-133a-3p. And (2) Promote the formation of actin stress fiber and actin contractile force
Transmembrane mucins	MUC1[109]	MUC1 (+) cell	PD1/PDL1 signaling pathway.	Recruit inflammatory cytokines and evade immune surveillance.
	MUC2[110]	Muc2/Apc and ApcMin/+ cell	(1) Wnt signaling pathway. And (2) Genetic Inactivation	Contribute to the risk of developing CRC by changes in their levels
	MUC4[111]	early stage (stage I and II) cell	β-catenin signaling pathway	Predict poor survival among patients
	MUC13[112]	colitis-associated cell	β-catenin signaling pathway	Increase nuclear translocation of β-catenin and drive the development, progression, invasion and immunosuppression

CRC: Colorectal cancer; GALNT12: Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 12; IL: Interleukin; JAK2/STAT3: Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MUC1: Mucin 1; PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; TGF: Transforming growth factor; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.