Transanal minimally invasive surgery using laparoscopic instruments of the rectum: A review

Table 2 Recurrence characteristics

Ref.	Pts, n (%)	No. of recurrence	Pathology	RM status	Risk factor	Time to recurrence (months)	Type	Treatment
Hompes et al[56], 2012	14	1	TVA	+	Absence	6	L	Refuse treatment
Ragupathi et al[59], 2012	20	1	VA	-	Absence	7	L	Re-TAMIS
Albert et al[30], 2013	50	1	VA	+	Absence	18	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	T1 sm3 adenocarcinoma	-	LVI, DI	6	L	Re-TAMIS
Schiphorst et al[53], 2014	37	1	Tis	-	Absence	9	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	Adenoma	+	Absence	8	L	Re-TAMIS
Gill et al[62], 2015	32	2	FAP; sigmoid colon cancer	ND	Absence	NA	Non-local recurrent disease	NA
Quaresima et al[63], 2016	31	1	Adenoma	+	Absence	18	L	Colonoscopic resection
Keller et al[35], 2016	75	1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	9	L	APR
		3	Adenoma	-	NA	NA	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	Adenoma	-	NA	NA	L	Closed surveillance
Sumrien et al[43], 2016	28	1	Adenoma	-	NA	NA	L	Endoscopic snaring
		1	Rectal cancer	NA	NA	NA	L	NA
		1	Rectal cancer	NA	NA	11	L	Palliative radiotherapy
		1	Unresectable rectal cancer	+	Palliative debulking	NA	L	Required further endoscopic resection
Melin et al[64], 2016	29	1	Adenoma	+	Absence	NA	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	10	L	APR, neoadjuvant CRT
Mege et al[65], 2017	33	1	Rectal cancer	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Lee et al[24], 2018	200	1	TVA	+	Absence	17.6	L	Re-TAMIS (index operation)
		2	Adenoma	+	Absence	NA	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	Tis carcinoma in situ	-	Absence	15		Re-TAMIS
		1	Tis carcinoma in situ	-	Absence	11		Re-TAMIS
		1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	Absence	17.5	L, D (lung)	Re-TAMIS, chemoradiation
		1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	PD	6.8	D (lung)	Chemotherapy
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	10.8		Definitive chemoradiation
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	28.9		Robotic LAR
		1	T3 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	2.1	D (lung)	Refuse treatment
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	12	L, D	Refuse treatment
García-Flórez et al[66], 2017	32	1	T3 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	12	L	Radical surgery
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	8	L	Radical surgery
		1	Adenoma	-	NA	NA	L	NA
Caycedo-Marulanda et al[44], 2017	50	1	Adenoma	NA	NA	13	L	Re-TAMIS
		1	NA	NA	NA	35	L (presacral mass), D (multiple liver)	Palliative chemotherapy
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	+	DI	16	L	Re-TAMIS, palliative chemotherapy
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	NA	DI	NA	L	APR
Clermonts et al[67], 2017	42	1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	NA	9	L	Re-TAMIS
Lee et al[68], 2017	35	1	T1 adenocarcinoma	NA	NA	3	L (TAMIS site)	Hartmann`s operation
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	NA	DI	40	L (perirectal LN)	Mass excision, chemotherapy
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	NA	DI	16	L (perirectal LN), D (liver)	Chemotherapy
		1	T2 adenocarcinoma	NA	DI	37	D (lung)	Chemotherapy
		1	T0 adenocarcinoma	NA	NA	4	D (lung)	Wedge resection, chemotherapy
Westrich et al[72], 2019	38	4	Adenoma			26	L	re-TAMIS
		1	T1 adenocarcinoma	Closed RM (1 mm)	NA	9	L	APR
		1	T1 adenocarcinoma	-	PNI	24	L, D	Adjuvant radiotherapy, chemotherapy
		1	T3 adenocarcinoma	-	DI	10	L	Adjuvant radiotherapy
		2	NA	NA	NA	NA	D

RM: Resection margin; TVA: Tubulovillous adenoma; VA: Villous adenoma; FAP: Familial adenomatous polyposis; LVI: Lymphovascular invasion; TAMIS: Transanal minimally invasive surgery; PD: Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma; DI: Deep invasion; APR: Abdominoperineal resection; CRT: Chemoradiotherapy; PNI: Perineural invasion; L: Local recurrence; D: Distant metastasis; LN: Lymph node; NA: Not available.