Crucial anatomy and technical cues for laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair: Advanced manipulation for groin hernias in adults

Figure 1 Abdominal wall at the groin. The nine layers include the skin, subcutaneous fat, superficial fasciae (Camper’s and Scarpa’s fasciae), innominate (untitled) fascia, inguinal ligament, internal abdominal oblique muscle, transversalis fascia, preperitoneal space [superficial parietal layer (anterior subperitoneal fascia) and deeper visceral layer (posterior subperitoneal fascia)] and peritoneum. DVL: Deeper visceral layer; IAOM: Internal abdominal oblique muscle; IL: Inguinal ligament; PPS: Preperitoneal space; SPL: Superficial parietal layer; TF: Transversalis fascia.