Conduit necrosis following esophagectomy: An up-to-date literature review

Table 5 Clinical studies for the evaluation of ischemic gastric conditioning using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging

Ref.	Year	Patient (n)	Imaging system	Dose ofICG	Study design	Conclusions
Kitagawa et al[47]	2017	72	PDE	2.5 mg	Retrospective	Intraoperative ICG assessment of the gastric tube was associated with postoperative endoscopic assessment grading of anastomosis during ER
Ohi et al[51]	2017	120	PDE	2.5 mg	Retrospective	ICG fluorescein imaging might decrease the incidence of anastomotic leak following ER
Koyanagi et al[48]	2016	40	PDE	2.5 or 1.25 mg	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence is a useful means to predict the risk of anastomotic leakage after ER
Yukaya et al[55]	2015	27	Hyper Eye Medical System	0.1 mg	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence can be used to quantitatively measure arterial blood flow and venous return of the reconstructed gastric tube in patients undergoing ER
Zehetner et al[56]	2015	150	SPY Imaging System (Novadaq)	2.5 mg	Prospective cohort	The use of laser-assisted fluorescent-dye angiography (LAA) may contribute to reduced anastomotic morbidity
Sarkariaet al[53]	2014	30	NIFI technology	10 mg	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence may be a useful adjunct during MIE gastric mobilization, especially early in the learning curve for these operations
Rino et al[52]	2014	33	PDE	2.5 mg	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence can be used to evaluate the blood supply to the reconstructed stomach in patients undergoing ER for esophageal cancer
Kumagai et al[49]	2014	20	PDE	NA	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence method has potential usefulness for evaluation of blood flow in the gastric tube during ER
Pachecoet al[46]	2013	11	SPY Imaging System (Novadaq)	NA	Retrospective	ICG fluorescence might be useful in patients undergoing ER
Murawaet al[50]	2012	15	PDE	2.5 mg	Prospective cohort	ICG fluorescence imaging allows for intraoperative modifications, but patient’s comorbidities and general health may also increase the risk of anastomosis leakage
Shimad et al[54]	2011	40	PDE	2.5 mg	Prospective cohort	The microcirculation detected by ICG fluorescence did not necessarily provide appropriate blood supply for a viable anastomosis

ICG: Indocyanine green; ER: Esophageal resection; PDE: Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, Hamamatsu, Japan.