Awake robotic liver surgery: A case report

Figure 1 Multiparameter monitor. Monitor was turned on with parameter detection: electrocardiogram, noninvasive blood pressure and pulse oximetry.

Figure 2 Mechanical ventilation monitor. Monitor was turned off because the patient was breathing spontaneously.

Figure 3 Intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring. A: Stroke volume index curve; B: Stroke volume variation curve; C: Cardiac index curve. SVI: Stroke volume index curve; SVV: Stroke volume variation curve; CI: Cardiac Index curve.

Figure 4 Intraoperative mean arterial pressure: mean arterial pressure. MAP curve. Arrows indicate four boluses of ephedrine. MAP: Mean arterial pressure.

Figure 5 Patient awake in a supine position. A: The patient was awake and placed in the supine position with 30° reverse Trendelenburg under the robotic arms; B: The patient was awake in the absence of an endotracheal tube.

Figure 6 Trocar positions. Patient was placed in a supine position with 30° reverse Trendelenburg position. A pneumoperitoneum was created using an open technique through a supraumbilical incision. The other three robotic trocar, right pararectal, left pararectal and left flank, and two laparoscopic 12-mm trocar assistants, right and left iliac fossa, were inserted under direct vision.