Literature review of type 2 diabetes mellitus among minority Muslim populations in Israel

Table 1 Results of studies on the prevalence of obesity, pre-diabetes and diabetes type 2 in the Arab Israeli population

Ref.	Date	Subjects	Study results
Keinan-Boker et al[16]	2005	Representative sample of 3246 individuals from the general Israeli population	In the subgroup of older Arab women, aged 55-64 yr, obesity reached 70%
Abdul-Ghani et al[17]	2005	95 randomly recruited Arab subjects who were overweight and over the age of 40	27% had undiagnosed DM, 42% impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance, 48% metabolic syndrome
Abdul-Ghani et al[14]	2005	7434 patients from an outpatient clinic in an Arab village	The prevalence of diabetes type 2 in Arab patients younger than the age of 65 was significantly higher among women than men. Diabetic women were younger than men at diagnosis (48 yr vs 59 yr) and had a higher BMI
Kalter-Leibovici et al[15]	2007	880 randomly selected Arab and Jewish patients	The prevalence of obesity was 52% in Arab women compared to 31% in Jewish women and 25% in Arab men compared to 23% in Jewish men
Idilbi et al[20]	2012	Review of official health statistics	The incidence rate of diabetes in the Israeli Arab population increased by 9.1 per 1000 persons annually. In contrast, it decreased among Jews
Kalter-Leibovici et al[21]	2012	1100 Arab and Jewish patients older than the age of 20	The prevalence of diabetes was 21% among Arabs and 12% among Jews. Arabs developed diabetes 11 years earlier than Jews

DM: Diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Results of studies on diabetes as a risk factor among Israeli Arabs and Bedouins

Ref.	Date	Subjects	Study results
Jabara et al[32]	2007	546 women (102 Arabs) after cardiac catheterization	Arab women had a higher prevalence rate for diabetes (61% vs 46% in Jews)
Salameh et al[33]	2008	40 Arab and 179 Jewish women hospitalized with coronary artery disease	More Arab patients had diabetes (73% vs 40%)
Telman et al[31]	2010	727 Arab and Jewish patients of working age (< 65 yr) with stroke	There was a higher prevalence of diabetes in the Arab patients
Telman et al[29]	2010	546 patients with a first episode of primary intracerebral hemorrhage	Diabetes was more frequent among the Arab patients.
Aravind et al[26]	2011	1378 Muslim patients from five countries who were treated with sulfonylurea during Ramadan	The highest percentage of hypoglycemia (40%) was reported in patients from Israel
Greenberg et al[28]	2011	2000 patients with a first stroke (237 Arabs)	A high percentage of Arabs had diabetes (51.4% vs 35.8% in Jews)
Gross et al[30]	2011	1540 patients with acute ischemic stroke, 169 Arabs	Arab patients were more likely to have diabetes (OR 1.41)
Chorny et al[46]	2011	523 diabetic patients (Jews and Bedouins) who were examined by an ophthalmologist	The prevalence of maculopathy and retinopathy was higher among the Bedouins (22% vs 13.4%)
Nseir et al[27]	2013	3784 patients from hospitals with predominantly Arab patients	39% of the hospitalized patients were diabetics. The diabetics had more hospitalizations due to atherosclerotic disease
Rabaev et al[45]	2014	220 patients admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (19% Bedouins)	There was no difference in outcomes (in-hospital mortality, 30-d mortality) between Jews and Bedouins

Table 3 Results of studies on the prevalence of obesity and diabetes type 2 among Bedouins in the Negev

Ref.	Date	Subjects	Study results
Ben Assa[38]	1961	2000 examined Bedouins	10 diabetic patients
Fraser et al[40]	1990	Tribal and settled Bedouin males	Among settled Bedouins, 15% were obese and 35% were overweight. Among tribal Bedouins, none were obese and 23% were overweight
Abou-Rbiah et al[42]	2002	3115 patients from an urban Bedouin clinic	The prevalence of diabetes was 7.3% in males and 9.9% in females. The mean BMI was 30 in females and 29 in males
Cohen et al[41]	2005	Population of the Negev area	The prevalence of diabetes was 5.1% in Bedouins, 3.7% in non-Bedouins, 5.5% in urban Bedouins, 3.9% in rural Bedouins. Diabetes was well controlled in 29.3% of the Bedouins and 46.7% of the non-Bedouins
Tamir et al[43]	2007	28449 Bedouins, 14012 Jews, older than 20	The prevalence of diabetes was 12% in the Bedouins compared to 8% in the Jews) The non-compliance rate for treatment was 72.9% among diabetic Bedouins
Fraser et al[34]	2008	793 Jews and 169 Bedouins aged 35-64 yr	The obesity rate was 27.9% among Bedouins and 20% among Jews
Leshem et al[36]	2008	31 encampment Bedouin women	The mean BMI was 30.3
Abu-Saad et al[35]	2012	683 pregnant Bedouin women	42% were either overweight or obese (based on their pre-pregnancy BMI)

BMI: Body mass index.