Novel insight into perirenal adipose tissue: A neglected adipose depot linking cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease

Table 1 Potential mechanism for participation of perirenal adipose tissue in chronic kidney disease

	Mechanistic links	Ref.
Physical compression	Suppress renal parenchyma and vessel, increase renal sodium reabsorption, renin secretion and glomerular hyperfiltration	[51-54]
FFA	Induce renal lipotoxicity and inflammation, nitric oxide decrease, endothelial dysfunction, and renal arterial resistance	[50,55-58]
Cytokines	Cause endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix, macrophages infiltration, oxidative stress, nitric oxide decrease, renal vascular remodeling, glomerular endothelial cells proliferation and renal sympathetic nervous activity	[60-64]
Metabolic problems	Related with insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia, impaired fasting glucose, triglyceride and uric acid	[20,65-67,81]

FFA: Free fatty acids.