Association of obesity with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus in India: A meta-analysis of observational studies

Table 3 Characteristics of included obesity and hypertension studies

Ref.	Year	Participants characteristics	Study characteristics				Measurements		Methodological quality of study
		Age M (sd) in yr	Setting	Study design	Sample size	Inclusion criteria	Exposure	Outcome	Adjusting confounders	Selection bias	Measurement error	Response rate
Reddy et al[14]	2003	20-30	Urban slums	Cross-sectional	1000 (500 male and 500 female)	Adults of 20-60 yr age	BMI > 25	Mean blood pressure levels	Important Confounders1	Not mentioned	Mentioned	100%
Mandal et al[15]	2008	40-49	Kolkata Municipal Corporation	Cross-sectional	887	Aged 20 yr or more	BMI ≥ 25	JNC VII guideline	Important confounders1 + religion, marital status, nature of work, family type, animal protein intake	Not mentioned	Mentioned and discussed	98.30%
Bhadoria et al[16]	2014	38-50	Urban wards	Cross-sectional	939	Individuals aged 20 yr and above	BMI ≥ 27.5	JNC VII guideline	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Mentioned	97.02%
Bhadoria et al[16]	2014	Males: 25-52 Female: 24-53	48 villages and 15 urban wards of Jabalpur District	Cross-sectional	939	Aged 20 yr and above	W/H ratio > 0.85 for females and > 0.90 for males	JNC VII guideline	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Mentioned	97.02%
Bhadoria et al[16]	2014	Males: 25-52 Female: 24-53	Villages of Jabalpur district	Cross-sectional	939	Aged 20 yr and above	BMI ≥ 27.5	JNC VII guideline	Important confounders1	Not mentioned	Mentioned	97.02%
Adhikari et al[17]	2015	53.9 ± 12.7	Semi-urban in Mangalore city	cross-sectional	800	≥ 20 yr	BMI ≥ 25	JNC VII criteria	Important confounders1 + serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides	Mentioned and discussed	Mentioned and discussed	68.80%

¹Important confounder: Age, sex, family history, history of previous events, DM, diet, smoking, alcohol, no regular exercise, saturated fat intake, excess salt intake, sedentary physical activity. JNC VII criteria for diagnosis: Considering JNC 7 category guideline, normal blood pressure is defined as < 120/80 mmHg, prehypertension state is detected when systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is 120-139 mmHg and 80-89 mmHg respectively. If the blood pressure is > 140/90 mmHg it is diagnosed as hypertension with Stage 1 hypertension (when SBP and DBP are 140-159 mmHg and 90-99 mmHg respectively) and Stage 2 hypertension (when SBP and DBP are ≥ 160 mm Hg and ≥ 100 mmHg respectively). BMI: Body mass index; JNC: Joint National Committee.