Statin use and cognitive function in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes

Table 1 Adults with type 1 diabetes from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study, by participation status in the ancillary neurocognitive study

	Non-participant (n = 154)	Participant (n = 108)	P value
Demographic and lifestyle factors, data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (IQR)
Age (yr)	51.17 ± 7.74	49.52 ± 7.04	0.08
Female	86/136 (63%)	55 (51%)	0.07
Years of education	14 ± 2	15 ± 3	0.05
Ever smoking 100 + cigarettes1	57/136 (42%)	41 (38%)	0.60
ApoE4 (24, 34, 44)	34/151 (23%)	34 (32%)	0.12
BMI (kg/m2)	27.52 ± 4.88	26.74 ± 4.26	0.20
Depressive symptoms2	45/128 (35%)	23/100 (23%)	0.06
Physical activity (Kcal)3	729 (308-1663)	1009 (448-1966)	0.05
Type 1 diabetes-related factors
T1D duration (yr)	37.14 ± 7.20	35.50 ± 6.32	0.07
Age at diagnosis (yr)	8.62 ± 4.10	8.28 ± 4.11	0.51
HbA1c (%)	7.69 ± 1.69	7.85 ± 1.85	0.51
A1c months (AU)	1036.38 ± 481.55	966.82 ± 382.02	0.21
Insulin sensitivity (eGDR, mg/kg per minute)	7.65 ± 2.11	7.68 ± 2.47	0.94
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)	77.49 ± 24.41	83.31 ± 24.06	0.09
Proliferative retinopathy	85/131 (65%)	51/107 (48%)	0.009
Microalbuminuria	98/133 (74%)	54/92 (59%)	0.02
Coronary artery disease	48 (31%)	18 (17%)	0.009
Cardiac autonomic neuropathy	89/125 (71%)	48/97 (49%)	0.001
Distal symmetric polyneuropathy	86/128 (67%)	52/100 (52%)	0.02
Cardio-metabolic factors
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	116 ± 17	114 ± 16	0.28
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	65 ± 10	66 ± 11	0.42
History of high blood pressure4	71 (46%)	39 (36%)	0.13
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	174.07 ± 34.92	174.79 ± 35.85	0.88
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	98.15 ± 28.44	98.48 ± 33.72	0.94
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	59.89 ± 16.31	60.63 ± 16.68	0.74
Serum creatinine (mg/dL)	1.12 ± 0.67	1.07 ± 0.61	0.57
Ever used statins1	97 (63%)	57 (53%)	0.13
Years of statin use1	3 (0-6)	2 (0-8)	0.44
Study average LDLc (mg/dL)1	109.95 ± 23.28	107.65 ± 25.96	0.45
Inflammatory markers
WBC × 103/mm2	6.2 (4.9-7.8)	6.1 (5.2-6.9)	0.30
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	21.1 (15.2-31.0)	22.2 (15.2-30.1)	0.83
IL-6 (ng/mL)	1.4 (0.8-2.3)	1.3 (0.8-1.8)	0.42
TNFα (pg/mL)	1.3 (1.0-1.9)	1.3 (1.0-1.8)	0.92
C-reactive protein (mg/L)	1.7 (0.9-3.3)	1.1 (0.6-2.5)	0.03

¹Assessed repeatedly from 1986-88 (baseline) through 2004-2006;

²Beck Depression Inventory score ≥ 10;

³Estimated self-reported weekly activity per modified Paffenbarger questionnaire;

⁴Blood pressure > 140/80 at any physical exam as part of the parent study and/or any self-reported use of anti-hypertensive medication (1986-2006). Factors assessed in 2004-2006 unless otherwise specified. T1D: Type 1 diabetes; LDLc: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI: Body mass index; eGDR: Estimated glucose disposal rate; WBC: White blood cell count; IL-6: Interleukin-6; TNFα: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.