Involvement of Cbl-b-mediated macrophage inactivation in insulin resistance

Figure 3 Casitas b-lineage lymphoma-b suppresses toll-like receptor 4 signaling in macrophages. Cbl-b negatively regulates saturated fatty acid (SFA)-induced TLR4 signal transduction. SFA-triggered TLR4 signaling induces the expression of inflammatory cytokines via JNK and NF-κB. The released inflammatory cytokines cause insulin resistance in the liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In the presence of SFAs, Cbl-b induces the ubiquitination and degradation of TLR4 in macrophages. Ub: Ubiquitin; TLR4: Toll-like receptor 4; Cbl-b: Casitas b-lineage lymphoma-b; JNK: Jun N-terminal kinase.