Clinical and dietary predictors of common carotid artery intima media thickness in a population with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study

Table 1 Cohort characteristics

Characteristic	Whole cohort (n = 150)	Type 1 diabetes (n = 23)	Type 2 diabetes (n = 127)	P value1
Age (yr)	56 ± 14	36 ± 14	60 ± 11	0.0001
Weight (kg)	96.9 ± 21.4	85.6 ± 25.2	98.9 ± 20.0	0.006
Height (m)	1.7 ± 0.1	1.71 ± 0.1	1.71 ± 0.1	0.90
BMI (kg/m2)	33.1 ± 7.0	29.4 ± 9.3	33.8 ± 6.3	0.005
Sex, male n (%)	86 (57)	9 (39)	77 (61)	0.06
Diagnosed with diabetes (yr)	9.7 ± 9.3	19.1 ± 14.2	8.1 ± 6.9	0.001
Smoking status n (%)				0.25
Never smoked	74 (49)	15 (65)	59 (47)
Past smoker	68 (46)	7 (31)	61 (48)
Current smoker	8 (5)	1 (4)	7 (5)
Smoking pack years2 (yr)	9.6 ± 15.6	1.7 ± 4.4	11.0 ± 16.5	0.008
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	127 ± 14	124 ± 14	128 ± 14	0.15
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	72 ± 10	69 ± 9	72 ± 10	0.18
Mean arterial pressure (mmHg)	90 ± 10	87 ± 8	91 ± 10	0.10
Heart rate (bpm)	74 ± 13	77 ± 10	73 ± 13	0.21
Pulse pressure (mmHg)	56 ± 13	54 ± 15	56 ± 13	0.60
Mean CCA IMT (mm)	0.71 ± 0.13	0.58 ± 0.12	0.73 ± 0.11	< 0.001
Mean maximum CCA IMT (mm)	0.79 ± 0.14	0.66 ± 0.13	0.81 ± 0.12	< 0.001
Prescribed anti-hypertensive medication n (%)	85 (57)	7 (30)	78 (61)	0.006
Prescribed lipid lowering medication n (%)	82 (55)	4 (17)	78 (61)	< 0.001
Diabetes treatment n (%)				< 0.001
None	30 (20.0)	0 (0)	30 (24)
OHA	65 (43.3)	0 (0)	65 (51)
Insulin	26 (17.3)	23 (100)	3 (2)
OHA + insulin	29 (19.3)	0 (0)	29 (23)
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.1 ± 1.0	4.1 ± 1.0	4.1 ± 1.0	0.99
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.2 ± 0.4	1.5 ± 0.3	1.1 ± 0.3	< 0.001
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	2.4 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.9	2.4 ± 0.9	0.97
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.3 ± 1.2	0.6 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 1.2	0.003
Glucose (mmol/L)	8.1 ± 3.0	10.1 ± 4.0	7.7 ± 2.6	< 0.001
HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol)	7.3 ± 1.4 (57 ± 16)	7.6 ± 1.1 (60 ± 12)	7.3 ± 1.5 (56 ± 16)	0.27
CRP (mg/L)	2.5 ± 2.2	1.6 ± 1.9	2.6 ± 2.3	0.15
Presence of Microalbuminuria n (%)3
Yes	23 (15)	3 (13)	20 (16)	0.74
No	127 (85)	20 (87)	107 (84)
Spot urine Na:K	1.3 ± 0.9	1.4 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 0.9	0.62

¹Type 1 diabetes vs type 2 diabetes;

²Number packs (25 cigarettes)/day × number years smoked;

³Albumin:creatinine > 2.5 for men and > 3.5 for women[18]. OHA: Oral hypoglycaemic agents; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; CRP: C reactive protein; HbA1c: Haemoglobin A1c; CCA IMT: Common carotid artery intima media thickness.