Brain changes in diabetes mellitus patients with gastrointestinal symptoms

Table 1 Animal models of diabetes

Ref.	Methods	Results
Bhardwaj et al[42]	Signal transduction in brains was investigated in rats with 1-3 mo of induced diabetes	Protein kinase A and C were increased and calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II decreased
Li et al[81]	Proteins were extracted from brain tissues of control rats and type 1 diabetic rats	The proteomic identification could be a useful tool for understanding of diabetic encephalopathy mechanisms
Yang et al[41]	Rats were randomized into a control and a DM group and neuron and vessel changes were examined with electron microscopy	Increasing abnormality in the neurons and blood vessels were seen that correlated to the length of diabetes
Ramos-Rodriguez et al[82]	Brain morphology was analyzed in mice	Hippocampal and cortical atrophy was found as well as cell proliferation and neurogenesis impairment

DM: Diabetes mellitus.