Impact of diabetes mellitus on risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: Evidence on health outcomes and antidiabetic treatment in United States adults

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants, United States National Health Interview Surveys 2000-2009

	Male							Female
	Non-DM (n = 109507)			DM (n = 9892)				Non-DM (n = 140337)			DM (n = 12413)
	No.a	Rateb (SEP)		No.a	Rateb (SEP)		P value	No.a	Rateb	(SEP)	No.a	Rateb	(SEP)	P valuec
Age, mean, yr	44.9		(0.10)	60.3		(0.14)	< 0.0001	46.6		(0.1)	60.7		(0.16)	< 0.0001
Race/ethnicity
NH-White	71683	74.5	(0.25)	6062	70.9	(0.55)	< 0.0001	89088	73.8	(0.25)	6782	66.6	(0.55)	< 0.0001
NH-Black	13345	10.4	(0.18)	1712	14.2	(0.40)		21517	12.5	(0.20)	2923	19.2	(0.46)
Hispanics	19251	10.7	(0.17)	1646	10.4	(0.36)		23779	9.8	(0.15)	2260	10.7	(0.36)
Others	5228	4.4	(0.10)	472	4.5	(0.25)		5953	3.9	(0.08)	448	3.4	(0.21)
Education
Less than HS	19941	15.3	(0.18)	2682	24.0	(0.52)	< 0.0001	25377	15.0	(0.16)	4066	28.8	(0.50)	< 0.0001
HS Graduated	30474	28.0	(0.21)	2887	30.6	(0.58)		39612	28.4	(0.19)	3873	33.1	(0.54)
≥ College	58314	56.6	(0.30)	4231	45.3	(0.58)		74451	56.5	(0.27)	4370	38.1	(0.53)
Smoking status
No smoker	54430	49.6	(0.24)	3667	36.7	(0.58)	< 0.0001	87384	60.8	(0.21)	7344	58.2	(0.51)	< 0.0001
Former smoker	26644	24.9	(0.19)	4293	44.6	(0.60)		24800	19.1	(0.14)	3075	26.4	(0.47)
Current smoker	27507	25.5	(0.19)	1834	18.7	(0.46)		27211	20.1	(0.16)	1893	15.4	(0.35)
Alcohol consumption
Never	16415	14.3	(0.19)	1660	16.5	(0.43)	< 0.0001	41116	27.0	(0.23)	5159	39.7	(0.55)	< 0.0001
Former	15028	13.8	(0.15)	3348	34.0	(0.61)		19335	14.1	(0.13)	3389	28.2	(0.51)
Current	75204	71.8	(0.22)	4668	49.5	(0.62)		77255	58.9	(0.25)	3670	32.1	(0.54)
Exercise
Inactive	38394	34.5	(0.32)	4485	47.0	(0.62)	< 0.0001	55965	38.9	(0.29)	6416	55.2	(0.62)	< 0.0001
Insufficiently active	27605	27.2	(0.18)	2178	24.6	(0.50)		40073	31.0	(0.18)	2724	25.1	(0.49)
Sufficiently active	38609	38.3	(0.26)	2473	28.3	(0.59)		38637	30.0	(0.22)	2158	19.8	(0.45)
BMI, kg/m2
Overweight	46884	43.5	(0.18)	3595	36.2	(0.55)	< 0.0001	38254	28.1	(0.15)	3250	28.0	(0.45)	< 0.0001
Obesity	24128	22.4	(0.17)	4372	46.1	(0.59)		31193	22.4	(0.15)	6168	52.8	(0.53)
Medical condition
Hypertension	25582	23.7	(0.19)	6501	66.3	(0.56)	< 0.0001	35594	25.6	(0.17)	8662	69.8	(0.48)	< 0.0001
Coronary heart Dis	7020	6.6	(0.09)	2598	27.2	(0.48)	< 0.0001	6435	4.7	(0.07)	2450	20.3	(0.41)	< 0.0001
Stroke	2243	2.1	(0.05)	956	9.6	(0.30)	< 0.0001	3244	2.4	(0.05)	1233	10.0	(0.32)	< 0.0001
CVD	8434	7.8	(0.10)	3019	31.4	(0.51)	< 0.0001	8699	6.4	(0.09)	3109	25.6	(0.43)	< 0.0001

^aNo. = Observed number;

^bRate for weighted rate using SAS for complex survey;

^cT test for continuous variable, and χ² test for categorical variables. Education ≥ College including those with associate degrees. Overweight: Body mass index (BMI) 25 to 29.9 kg/m². Obesity: BMI ≥ 30 kg/m². CVD: Cardiovascular disease; DM: Diabetes mellitus; SEP: Standard error of proportion.