Role of bile acids in the regulation of the metabolic pathways

Figure 4 Autophagy regulation by the farnesoid X receptor. FXR is associated with regulation of autophagy. Two different mechanisms are reported. A: FXR and PPARα competitively bind to the promoter regions of autophagic genes, and FXR activation suppresses autophagy; B: FXR stimulation disrupts the functional CREB–CRTC2 complex and suppresses autophagy. FXR: Farnesoid X receptor; PPARα: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; CREB: cAMP response element-binding protein; CRTC2: CREB regulated transcription coactivator 2.