Does parity worsen diabetes-related chronic complications in women with type 1 diabetes?

Table 2 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by parity

Variable	Parity
	Group 0(nulliparous)	Group 1(1 pregnancy)	Group 2(2 pregnancies)	Group 3(3 pregnancies)	Group 4(≥4 pregnancies)	1P-value
n (%)	1014 (66.2)	238 (15.5)	147 (9.6)	81 (5.3)	52 (3.4)
Demographic and economic status data
Age, yr	20.7 ± 7.9	30.2 ± 8.5	34.6 ± 8.6	38.4 ± 9.6	42.3 ± 10.7	< 0.001
< 15	191 (18.7)	1 (0.4)	0	0	0
15-30	706 (69.6)	117 (49.2)	42 (28.6)	12 (14.8)	6 (11.5)
≥ 30	117 (11.5)	120 (50.4)	105 (71.4)	69 (85.2)	46 (88.5)
Duration of DM, yr	9.4 ± 6.9	13.9 ± 8.2	15.3 ± 8.9	17.9 ± 8.9	19.0 ± 10.7	< 0.001
Age at diagnosis, yr	11.2 ± 6.4	16.2 ± 8.4	19.2 ± 8.1	20.5 ± 9.3	23.3 ± 8.8	< 0.001
Ethnicity, yr (%) ≥2						0.7
Caucasian	606 (59.8)	144 (60.5)	83 (56.5)	47 (58.0)	27 (51.9)
Non-caucasian	408 (40.2)	94 (39.5)	64 (43.5)	34 (42.0)	25 ( 48.1)
Geographic region, n						0.001
Southeast	410 (40.4)	94 (39.5)	54 (36.7)	31 (38.3)	22 (42.3)
South	248 (24.5)	53 (22.3)	36 (24.5)	18 (22.2)	12 (23.1)
North/Northeast	309 (30.5)	69 (29.0)	39 (26.5)	19 (23.5)	18 (34.6)
Mid-West	47 (4.6)	22 (9.2)	18 (12.2)	13 (16.0)	0
Economic status (%)						0.5
High	72 (7.1)	16 (6.7)	8 (5.4)	5 (6.2)	3 (5.8)
Medium	273 (26.9)	56 (23.5)	29 (19.7)	18 (22.2)	7 (13.5)
Low	340 (33.5)	85 (35.7)	55 (37.4)	33 (40.7)	20 (38.5)
Very low	329 (32.4)	81 (34.0)	55 (37.4)	25 (30.9)	22 (42.3)
Glycemic control and insulin dose
HbA1c (%)	9.6 ± 2.6	9.4 ± 2.4	8.8 ± 2.0	9.4 ± 2.4	9.5 ± 2.0	0.02
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	81.9 ± 28.4	79.9 ± 26.3	73.4 ± 22.2	79.5 ± 26.8	80.4 ± 21.7
HbA1c (good) n (%)	107 (11.9)	21 (10.3)	19 (14.6)	8 (11.3)	3 (6.5)	0.1
H1Ac (poor) n (%)	480 (53.5)	99 (48.8)	51 (39.2)	37 (52.1)	27 (58.7)
Insulin dose (U/kg per day)	0.98 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.3	0.8 ± 0.3	0.7 ± 0.4	0.8 ± 0.4	0.001
Metformin use, yr (%)	103 (10.2)	20 (8.4)	24 (16.3)	6 (7.4)	9 (17.3)	0.04
Cardiovascular risk factors
sBP (mmHg)	110.8 ± 14.6	117.5 ± 15.7	119.6 ± 18.7	119.8 ± 18.9	124.0 ± 21.4	< 0.001
dBP (mmHg)	72.3 ± 10.1	75.2 ± 11.3	74.9 ± 11.5	75.9 ± 11.5	75.9 ± 10.2	< 0.001
Hypertension, yr (%)	158 (16.6)	76 (32.2)	53 (36.3)	29 (35.8)	25 (48.1)	< 0.001
Cholesterol (mg/dL)	176.9 ± 43.7	186.4 ± 43.4	181.3 ± 41.6	182.3 ± 42.0	183.5 ± 44.5	0.055
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	98.7.4 ± 75.0	102.0 ± 61.1	103.2 ± 64.4	116.2 ± 110.6	105.8 ± 94.9	0.3
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	54.1 ± 14.4	58.3 ± 18.4	55.2 ± 15.8	55.3 ± 15.3	61.5 ± 17.4	0.01
Non-LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	122.5 ± 42.6	128.2 ± 39.9	126.0 ± 41.0	124.9 ± 41.2	122.8 ± 43.4	0.5
LDL cholesterol	103.8 ± 34.7	107.6 ± 35.5	105.5 ± 36.5	103.1 ± 31.2	103.3 ± 37.6	0.7
BMI (kg/m2)	22.8 ± 3.4	23.9 ± 3.8	24.3 ± 3.5	24.4 ± 5.1	25.5 ± 4.6	< 0.001
Overweight or obesity, n (%)1	338 (33.5)	153 (35.2)	56 (38.1)	36 (44.4)	25 (49.0)	0.004
Retinopathy, yr (%)3						< 0.001
Absent	649 (86.9)	154 (73.3)	104 (77)	60 (76.5)	32 (65.3)
Non-proliferative	50 (6.7)	36 (17.1)	15 (11.1)	11 (14.1)	10 (20.4)
Proliferative	48 (6.4)	20 (9.5)	16 (11.9)	7 (9.0)	7 (14 .3)
Nephropathy, yr (%)4						0.08
Absent	527 (70.7)	128 (60.7)	91 (67.4)	49 ( 62.8)	30 (61.2)
Microalbuminuria	90 (12.1)	43 (20.4)	17 (12.6)	12 (18.8)	8 (28.0)
Clinical nephropathy	23 (3.1)	9 (4.3)	8 (5.9)	3 (4.7)	2 (5.0)
Macrovascular complications, yes (%)5,6	23 (3.1)	16 (7.6)	13 (9.6)	5 (6.4)	7 (14.3)	< 0.001

¹The P value is related to the comparison among all groups (ANOVA);

²African-Brazilians, Mulattos, Asians, Native Indians;

³Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);

⁴Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);

⁵Retinopathy, nephropathy and macrovascular complications were considered in patients with criterion to be screened (duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years, n = 1219);

⁶Overweight or obesity were considered together. The data are presented as n (%) mean ± SD or median (minimum/maximum).

HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; LDL: Low-density lipoprotein; HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BMI: Body mass index.