Copyright
©The Author(s) 2016.
World J Diabetes. Jun 25, 2016; 7(12): 252-259
Published online Jun 25, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.252
Published online Jun 25, 2016. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.252
Table 2 Clinical, demographic and laboratory data stratified by parity
Variable | Parity | |||||
Group 0(nulliparous) | Group 1(1 pregnancy) | Group 2(2 pregnancies) | Group 3(3 pregnancies) | Group 4(≥4 pregnancies) | 1P-value | |
n (%) | 1014 (66.2) | 238 (15.5) | 147 (9.6) | 81 (5.3) | 52 (3.4) | |
Demographic and economic status data | ||||||
Age, yr | 20.7 ± 7.9 | 30.2 ± 8.5 | 34.6 ± 8.6 | 38.4 ± 9.6 | 42.3 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 |
< 15 | 191 (18.7) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
15-30 | 706 (69.6) | 117 (49.2) | 42 (28.6) | 12 (14.8) | 6 (11.5) | |
≥ 30 | 117 (11.5) | 120 (50.4) | 105 (71.4) | 69 (85.2) | 46 (88.5) | |
Duration of DM, yr | 9.4 ± 6.9 | 13.9 ± 8.2 | 15.3 ± 8.9 | 17.9 ± 8.9 | 19.0 ± 10.7 | < 0.001 |
Age at diagnosis, yr | 11.2 ± 6.4 | 16.2 ± 8.4 | 19.2 ± 8.1 | 20.5 ± 9.3 | 23.3 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
Ethnicity, yr (%) ≥2 | 0.7 | |||||
Caucasian | 606 (59.8) | 144 (60.5) | 83 (56.5) | 47 (58.0) | 27 (51.9) | |
Non-caucasian | 408 (40.2) | 94 (39.5) | 64 (43.5) | 34 (42.0) | 25 ( 48.1) | |
Geographic region, n | 0.001 | |||||
Southeast | 410 (40.4) | 94 (39.5) | 54 (36.7) | 31 (38.3) | 22 (42.3) | |
South | 248 (24.5) | 53 (22.3) | 36 (24.5) | 18 (22.2) | 12 (23.1) | |
North/Northeast | 309 (30.5) | 69 (29.0) | 39 (26.5) | 19 (23.5) | 18 (34.6) | |
Mid-West | 47 (4.6) | 22 (9.2) | 18 (12.2) | 13 (16.0) | 0 | |
Economic status (%) | 0.5 | |||||
High | 72 (7.1) | 16 (6.7) | 8 (5.4) | 5 (6.2) | 3 (5.8) | |
Medium | 273 (26.9) | 56 (23.5) | 29 (19.7) | 18 (22.2) | 7 (13.5) | |
Low | 340 (33.5) | 85 (35.7) | 55 (37.4) | 33 (40.7) | 20 (38.5) | |
Very low | 329 (32.4) | 81 (34.0) | 55 (37.4) | 25 (30.9) | 22 (42.3) | |
Glycemic control and insulin dose | ||||||
HbA1c (%) | 9.6 ± 2.6 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 9.4 ± 2.4 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | 0.02 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 81.9 ± 28.4 | 79.9 ± 26.3 | 73.4 ± 22.2 | 79.5 ± 26.8 | 80.4 ± 21.7 | |
HbA1c (good) n (%) | 107 (11.9) | 21 (10.3) | 19 (14.6) | 8 (11.3) | 3 (6.5) | 0.1 |
H1Ac (poor) n (%) | 480 (53.5) | 99 (48.8) | 51 (39.2) | 37 (52.1) | 27 (58.7) | |
Insulin dose (U/kg per day) | 0.98 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
Metformin use, yr (%) | 103 (10.2) | 20 (8.4) | 24 (16.3) | 6 (7.4) | 9 (17.3) | 0.04 |
Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||||
sBP (mmHg) | 110.8 ± 14.6 | 117.5 ± 15.7 | 119.6 ± 18.7 | 119.8 ± 18.9 | 124.0 ± 21.4 | < 0.001 |
dBP (mmHg) | 72.3 ± 10.1 | 75.2 ± 11.3 | 74.9 ± 11.5 | 75.9 ± 11.5 | 75.9 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, yr (%) | 158 (16.6) | 76 (32.2) | 53 (36.3) | 29 (35.8) | 25 (48.1) | < 0.001 |
Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176.9 ± 43.7 | 186.4 ± 43.4 | 181.3 ± 41.6 | 182.3 ± 42.0 | 183.5 ± 44.5 | 0.055 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.7.4 ± 75.0 | 102.0 ± 61.1 | 103.2 ± 64.4 | 116.2 ± 110.6 | 105.8 ± 94.9 | 0.3 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.1 ± 14.4 | 58.3 ± 18.4 | 55.2 ± 15.8 | 55.3 ± 15.3 | 61.5 ± 17.4 | 0.01 |
Non-LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 122.5 ± 42.6 | 128.2 ± 39.9 | 126.0 ± 41.0 | 124.9 ± 41.2 | 122.8 ± 43.4 | 0.5 |
LDL cholesterol | 103.8 ± 34.7 | 107.6 ± 35.5 | 105.5 ± 36.5 | 103.1 ± 31.2 | 103.3 ± 37.6 | 0.7 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 3.4 | 23.9 ± 3.8 | 24.3 ± 3.5 | 24.4 ± 5.1 | 25.5 ± 4.6 | < 0.001 |
Overweight or obesity, n (%)1 | 338 (33.5) | 153 (35.2) | 56 (38.1) | 36 (44.4) | 25 (49.0) | 0.004 |
Retinopathy, yr (%)3 | < 0.001 | |||||
Absent | 649 (86.9) | 154 (73.3) | 104 (77) | 60 (76.5) | 32 (65.3) | |
Non-proliferative | 50 (6.7) | 36 (17.1) | 15 (11.1) | 11 (14.1) | 10 (20.4) | |
Proliferative | 48 (6.4) | 20 (9.5) | 16 (11.9) | 7 (9.0) | 7 (14 .3) | |
Nephropathy, yr (%)4 | 0.08 | |||||
Absent | 527 (70.7) | 128 (60.7) | 91 (67.4) | 49 ( 62.8) | 30 (61.2) | |
Microalbuminuria | 90 (12.1) | 43 (20.4) | 17 (12.6) | 12 (18.8) | 8 (28.0) | |
Clinical nephropathy | 23 (3.1) | 9 (4.3) | 8 (5.9) | 3 (4.7) | 2 (5.0) | |
Macrovascular complications, yes (%)5,6 | 23 (3.1) | 16 (7.6) | 13 (9.6) | 5 (6.4) | 7 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Gomes MB, Negrato CA, Almeida A, de Leon AP. Does parity worsen diabetes-related chronic complications in women with type 1 diabetes? World J Diabetes 2016; 7(12): 252-259
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v7/i12/252.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.252