Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review

Table 2 Epidemiological studies investigating the associations of walking with the risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular events, and mortality

Ref.	Study design	Subjects	Physical activity measurement	Outcome, results
Hu et al[25]	Prospective cohort study	70102 female participants without diabetes, CVD, or cancer	MET score and walking pace based on a questionnaire	Risk of type 2 diabetes, normal walking pace (3.2-4.8 km/h): RR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.62-0.85
				Brisk or very brisk walking pace (> 4.8 km/h): RR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.33-0.52
Tanasescu et al[26]	Prospective cohort study	3058 men with type 2 diabetes	MET-hour score measured by a questionnaire	Mortality, walking ≥ 16.1 MET-hours/week: RR = 0.60; 95%CI: 0.41-0.88
				Very brisk walking pace (≥ 4 mph): RR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.19-0.97
Gregg et al[27]	Prospective cohort study	2896 subjects with diabetes	Time spent walking measured by a questionnaire	Mortality, walking ≥ 2 h/wk, all-cause mortality: HRR = 0.61; 95%CI: 0.48-0.78; CVD mortality: HRR = 0.66; 95%CI: 0.45-0.96
Yates et al[32]	Prospective data analysis from the NAVIGATOR trial (a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, 2 × 2 factorial trial)	9306 individuals with impaired glucose tolerance	Number of steps assessed by a pedometer	Cardiovascular events, baseline ambulatory activity (2000 step/d increment): HR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.84-0.96 Change in ambulatory activity from baseline to 12 mo (2000 step/d difference in change): HR = 0.92; 95%CI: 0.86-0.99

MET: Metabolic equivalents; RR: Relative risk; HRR: Hazard rate ratio; CVD: Cardiovascular disease; HR: Hazard ratio; NAVIGATOR: Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research.