Diagnostic and prognostic utility of non-invasive imaging in diabetes management

Table 3 Synopsis of imaging modalities and their applications in diabetes

	SPECT/PET	CT	MR	US	Optical	Application
Pancreas (β-cell function)	[18F]-tracer		MRI		Luminescence	Mainly preclinical[61,62]
Pancreas (transplant/ inflammation)	[18F]-tracer		MRI	High-frequency		Preclinical and clinical[63-68]
Kidney			MRI/BOLD-MRI	B-mode/Doppler		Clinical[70-78]
Brain	[123I]- and [99Tc]-tracer		MRI/MRS	Doppler		Clinical[22,82,83]
Vessels/atherosclerosis	[18F]-tracer	Angio-CT	MRI	B-mode		Clinical[85-95,100-106]
Ulcerations	[99Tc]-tracer	Hybrid SPECT/CT	MRI	Doppler	HIS	Clinical[113,114,116,117]
Heart	[18F]-, [123I]- [11C]-tracer	Hybrid PET/CT	MRI/MRS	Doppler		Clinical[95,120-126,130,131,134,135]
Visceral fat		CT/dual energy CT	MRI/MRS	B-mode		Clinical[142,145,146]

SPECT: Single-photon emission computed tomography; PET: Positron emission tomography; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; US: Ultrasound; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; BOLD: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent; HIS: Hyperspectral imaging.