Incretin manipulation in diabetes management

Table 2 Plasma half-lives, dosage ranges, average hemoglobin A1c reduction and common side effects of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Drug	Plasma half-life	Dose	HbA1c reduction	Adverse effects	Other remarks
Sitagliptin	12.4 h	100 mg PO daily	0.94%	Nasopharyngitis, diarrhea, headache, constipation, oedema, hypersensitivity, pancreatitis, elevation of hepatic enzymes	Use with caution in renal, hepatic or cardiac failure
Vildagliptin	90 mts - by terminal elimination	50-100 mg/daily PO	0.5%-1%	Headache, nasopharyngitis, cough, constipation, dizziness, and increased sweating
Saxagliptin	2.5 h	2.5-5 mg/PO daily	0.8%	Urinary and upper respiratory infections, headache, edema, purpuric rash, hypersensitivity, pancreatitis and angio-edema	Dose reduction with CYP450 3A4/5 inhibitors
Linagliptin	12 h	5 mg PO daily	0.6%-0.8%	Nasopharyngitis, dyslipidemia, pancreatitis
Teneligliptin	24.2 h	20-40 mg PO daily	0.78%	Constipation, QT interval prolongation, hypoglycaemia and elevation of alanine aminotransferase and γ-glutamyltransferas
Alogliptin	21 h	25 mg PO daily	0.6%	Hypoglycemia, nasopharyngitis, headache and pancreatitis	Monitor LFT and stop if elevated
Anagliptin	4.37 h - by terminal elimination	100 mg PO daily	0.85%	Not available

HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.