Diabetic nephropathy in Africa: A systematic review

Table 2 General characteristics of studies of chronic kidney disease in people with diabetes in Africa

Ref.	Country	Period	Design	Setting	Sample size	Mean or median age (yr)	Male (%)	Type and duration of diabetes (yr)	Duration FUP	Method for CKD assessment
										Proteinuria	MDRD	Urine ACR	Cockroft-Gault
Motala et al[37], 2001	South Africa	Not precised	Retrospective cohort study	Clinic, urban	219	39.5 T1DM; 58.4 T2DM	19.6	16.10 T1DM; 18.6 T2DM	At least 10 yr	persistent proteinuria (Dipstick)
Elbagir et al[26], 1995	Sudan	Jan-July 1992	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	128	31.5 (15-75)	48.4	Insulin-treated; 9 (1-40)	NA	Proteinuria (Dipstick)
Sobngwi et al[44], 1999	Cameroon	Not precised	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	64	37.4 normotensive T1DM; 51.7 normotensive T2DM; 57.9 hypertensive T1DM	57.8	6.7 normotensive T1DM; 4.7 normotensive T2DM; 4.8 hypertensive T1DM	NA	Proteinuria
Katchunga et al[30], 2010	DR congo	2005-2007	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	98	58 (10.4)	35.7	7.3 T2DM	NA		MDRD (corrected for Blacks)
Choukem et al[22], 2012	Cameroon	Jan 2008- Oct 2010	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	420	56.7	49	4 (1-9) T2DM	NA	Proteinuria (Dipstick)
Keeton et al[31], 2004	South Africa	Not precised	Prospective cohort, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	59	62	35.6	17.8 T2DM	12 yr			Urine ACR
Pruijm et al[39], 2008	Seychelles	2004	Cross-sectional; random sex and age-stratified sample	Population	1218 (whole sample, including diabetic patients)	Not precised	45.9	Newly diagnosed patients	NA			Urine ACR
Alebiosu[16], 2003	Nigeria	Jan 2000 June 2001	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	342	6.5 T1DM; 9.4 T2DM	53.8	26 T1DM; 53.4 T2DM	NA	Persistent proteinuria
Bouaziz et al[20], 2012	Tunisia	Jan 2008Dec 2010	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	73	59.3	23.3	T2DM 10.6	NA	Proteinuria
Ajayi et al[15], 2014	Nigeria	Not precised	Retrospective cross-sectional	Clinic, urban	65	Not available	Not available	T2DM	NA		MDRD
Levitt et al[32], 1997	South Africa	July-December 1992	Cross-sectional, stratified random sampling	Clinic, urban	243	56.4	38.3	8 T2DM and T1DM	NA	Persistent proteinuria		Urine ACR
Majaliwa et al[34], 2007	Tanzania	June 2005- Feb 2006	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	99	12.6	42.4	4.76 T1DM	NA	Proteinuria
Marshall et al[36], 2013	Rwanda	June 2009-Nov 2010	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	286	18.6	46.5	3.4 T1DM	NA	Proteinuria		Urine ACR
Alebiosu et al[18], 2003	Nigeria	Sept 1999- August 2002	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	465	Not precised	Not precised	T2DM	NA	Proteinuria
Gill et al[28], 2005	South Africa	From 1982 to 2002	Prospective cohort, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	88	22 at onset	52	T1DM	20 yr
Djrolo et al[24], 2001	Benin	Not indicated	Cross-sectional	Clinic, urban	152	53.3	65.8	T1DM and T2DM	NA	Proteinuria
Rotchford et al[43], 2002	South Africa	1999	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, rural	253	56.5	26.9	42.2; T1DM and T2DM	NA			Urine ACR
Rissassi et al[42], 2009	DR congo	11 june 2008 to 30 july 2008	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	181	19.1	38.7	57.6 T1DM	NA			Urine ACR
Rahlenbeck et al[40], 1997	Ethiopia	January - April 1995	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	170	31.4 T1DM; 56.7 T2DM	60	5.9 T1DM; 6.0 T2DM	NA	Proteinuria
Wanjohi et al[45], 2002	Kenya	June 2000 - January 2001	cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	100	53.7	37	10.3 T2DM	NA	Albuminuria
Nambuya et al[38], 1996	Uganda	1 January 1993 - 10 August 1994	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban/urban (origin of participants)	252	Not precised	46.4	45 (range 30-69)T2DM and T1DM	NA	Proteinuria
Rasmussen et al[41], 2013	Zambia	February - April 2011	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, rural	101	50 (range 50-68)	37.3	T2DM and T1DM	NA			Urine ACR
Bentata et al[19], 2013	Morocco	From September 2006	Prospective cohort study	Clinic, urban	72	29.5	69.4	17 (11-20) T1DM	5 yr	Proteinuria	MDRD
Gill et al[27], 2008	Ethiopia	Not precised	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, rural	105	41	70.5	7 T1DM and T2DM	NA			Urine ACR
Bouzid et al[21], 2011	Tunisia	June 2006 - July 2008	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	689	60	39.3	11 T2DM	NA	Proteinuria			Cockroft-Gault
Janmohamed et al[29], 2013	Tanzania	October 2011 - March 2012	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	369	54 (IQR 45-62)	46.6	6 (3-11)T1DM (6.2%) and T2DM (93.8%)	NA				Cockroft-Gault
Danquah et al[23], 2012	Ghana	August 2007 - June 2008	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	675	54.7	25	T2DM	NA	Proteinuria
Lutale et al[33], 2007	Tanzania	July 2003 - March 2004	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	244	T1DM 21(range 4-44.8)T2DM 53 (range 23.5-85)	46.3	T1DM 3 (0-17)T2DM 4 (range 0-25)	NA	Proteinuria			Cockroft-Gault
Worku et al[46], 2010	Ethiopia	October 2008	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	305	44.4	62.9	T1DM and T2DM; 53.4% less than 5 yr and 33.8% 5-9 yr	NA	Proteinuria
Makulo et al[35], 2010	DR Congo	30 March - 24 April 2007	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Population-based, Urban	81	Not precised	Not precised	No precision	NA		MDRD	Urine ACR
Eghan et al[25], 2007	Ghana	January - July 2005	Cross-sectional, self-selected sampling	Clinic, urban	109	54.1	28	T1DM and T2DM 10.7	NA	Proteinuria
Alebiosu et al[17], 2004	Nigeria	January 2000 - June 2001	Case (T2DM with persistent proteinuria-control (T2DM patients nephropathy)	Clinic, urban	162	53.4	50	T2DM9.4 cases, 5.5 controls	NA

ACR: Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio; FUP: Follow-up; MDRD: Modification of diet renal disease; NA: Not applicable.