Assessment of cardiovascular risk in diabetes: Risk scores and provocative testing

Table 1 Clinical features suggesting diabetes patients at high risk

Diabetes and age > 60 yr

Diabetes and microalbuminuria (> 20 mcg/min or urine albumin to creatinine ratio > 2.5 mg/mmol for males, > 3.5 mg/mmol for females)

Diabetes and moderate or severe chronic kidney disease (persistent proteinuria or eGFR < 45 mL/min per 1.73 m2)

Diabetes and a previous diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia in the individual

Diabetes and systolic blood pressure ≥ 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg

Diabetes and serum total cholesterol > 7.5 mmol/L

Albumin to creatinine ratio - confirmed on second test and not due to another cause (e.g., urinary tract infection).