Effects of exercise on brain functions in diabetic animal models

Table 3 Exercise animal models on brain function

Exercise type	Method	Measurement	Note1	Note2
Aerobic exercise	Voluntary running wheel exercise	Freely access to running wheel Exercise strength can be measured via digital counter. The running wheel was rotated by animal effort		Cognitive performance Neurogenesis in subgranular zone or subventricular zone Improvements of learning and memory Neurophysiological development Relationship between Brain and Stress axis Feeding behavior
	Involuntary treadmill exercise	Enforced running exercise
		Regularly enforced running exercise is enforced with constant speed on a motorized treadmill
	Forced swimming	Animals are forced to swim in an acrylic glass cylinder filled with water	This test is used to see a rodent’s response to the threat of drowning whose result has been interpreted as measuring susceptibility to negative mood. It is commonly used to measure the effectiveness of antidepressants
Non-aerobic resistance exercise	Weight lifting	Kondziela's inverted screen test	The inverted screen is a 43 cm square of wire mesh consisting of 12 mm squares of 1 mm diameter wire	Cognition Neuronal plasticity changes Anti-inflammatory response in brain Neurogenesis in subgranular zone and subventricular zone
		Weights test	Seven weights constitute the apparatus Ranging from 20 to 98 g
		Grip strength test	Forelimb grip strength is accessed using a digital Grip Strength Meter

¹Principal;

²Uses.