Nociception at the diabetic foot, an uncharted territory

Table 2 Simultaneous measurements of pressure pain perception thresholds at the foot in subjects with and without painless diabetic neuropathy, with and without diabetic foot

Subject populations	Diabetic foot1	Healthy2	PLDN3	DM-controls4
No. of subjects	46	43	13	21
% of subjects with CPPPT > 512 mN at toe skinfold	98%	4%	46%	5%
% of subjects with DPPPT > 1400 kPa at m. abductor hallucis	22%	0%	0%	0%
% of subjects with DPPPT > 1400 kPa at metatarsophalangeal joint	50%	2%	0%	5%

¹With previous or active ulcer/arthropathy;

²Non-neuropathic, healthy;

³PLDN, no ulcer;

⁴Diabetes, no neuropathy, no ulcer. Percent subjects with thresholds above the safety limit of measurement are shown. Adapted from ref. [58-60]. CPPPT: Cutaneous pressure pain perception threshold (512 mN upper limit of measurement); DPPPT: Deep pressure pain perception threshold (1400 kPa upper limit of measurement).