Molecular and biochemical trajectories from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease: A critical appraisal

Figure 6 Diagrammatic representation of insulin signal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease and diabetes mellitus via common inflammatory cascade. Diabetes and AD lead to production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory response. These stress kinases inhibit IRs1, an adaptor protein for insulin receptor signaling and result into defective insulin signaling in brain. Aβ: Amyloid beta; IRs: Insulin receptors; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinases.