Molecular and biochemical trajectories from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease: A critical appraisal

Figure 4 Diagrammatic representation of vicious cycle of insulin resistance and amyloid beta up regulation via forkhead box O signaling. FOXO signaling is a protective mechanism adopted by body to cope up with any cellular stress by ROS detoxification. In case of DM whenever there is any metabolic disturbance like hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, it leads to further oxidative stress and ROS generation which promotes further trigger for FOXO signaling and promotes a vicious cycle of ROS generation leading the cell towards apoptosis. T2D: Type 2 diabetes; Aβ: Amyloid beta; FOXO: Forkhead box O; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TCF: T cell factor; DM: Diabetes mellitus.