Molecular and biochemical trajectories from diabetes to Alzheimer’s disease: A critical appraisal

Table 2 Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease symptoms in diabetes mellitus patients and symptoms of diabetes mellitus in Alzheimer’s disease patients

Ref.	Key findings
Gasparini et al[75]	In T2D patients insulin metabolism dysfunction accelerates AβPP/Aβ trafficking from trans-Golgi network, a major site for a Aβ generation
Phiel et al[76]	Some studies claim for the presence of downstream regulators of insulin signaling pathway which are involved in cleavage of AβPP at gamma-secretase site, a determining site for Aβ amyloidogenicity
Steen et al[24]	Extensive dysfunction of IGF-I and IGF II signaling mechanisms reported in AD brain
Rivera et al[66]	Insulin and IGF gene expression altered with abnormal receptor binding in AD brain

AD: Alzheimer’s disease; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; Aβ: Amyloid beta; IGF: Insulin like growth factor.