Initial validation of the Yin-Yang Assessment Questionnaire for persons with diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Presentations of Yin-deficiency and Yang-deficiency in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus

18 Yin-deficiency presentations	14 Yang-deficiency presentations
I have felt excessively warm in all seasons1	I have had an aversion to cold in all seasons1
I have worn thin clothes due to feeling excessively warm	I have worn thick clothes due to my aversion to cold
I have intermittent hot and cold spells	I have had an aversion to strong wind
My face has been flushed with crimson red	I have experienced heavy sweating1
I have been thin and slim1	My body looks puffy1
My palms or soles have felt hot	I have had pains on my knee, loin, shoulder, and back but feeling better with heat application1
I have had tinnitus1	I have running nose or and sneezing1
I have dry cough1	I have had clear sputum1
I have experienced hot flush especially in the afternoon	I have felt comfortable with hot drink1
I have experienced sweating at night1	I needed to wake up because of my diarrhea
My stools have been dry and hard1	My stools have been loose or watery1
I have felt hungry even after big meals	I have had diarrhea, itchy throat or cough after intake of cold food
I have passed minimal volumes of urine that were yellow colored1	I have passed large volumes of colorless urine1
I have always drunk water to quench my thirst	I have experienced bland taste in my mouth1
My thirst could not be relieved by frequent water intake1
My skin has been very dry1
My eyes have felt very dry
My lips have felt very dry

¹Presentations found in multiple-case studies[18].