Type 1 diabetes and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome: A review

Figure 2 Immunologic synapse. This schematic depicts T cell activation and how it is influenced by expression of common susceptibility genes. Shared susceptibility genes for autoimmune thyroid disease and type 1 diabetes are involved in the immunological synapse. HLA-DR molecules present autoantigens to T cells, CTLA-4 expression suppresses T cell activation, PTPN22 expression negatively influences the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling pathway and FOXP3 expression regulates the differentiation of regulatory T cells (modified according to ref.[124]). APC: Antigen presenting cell; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; HLA: Human leukocyte antigen; PTPN22: Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22; FOXP3: Forkhead box protein P3.