Diagnosis of hepatic glycogenosis in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus

Figure 1 The metabolic pathways of glycogen synthesis in hepatocytes. GLUT: Glucose transporter; IR: Insulin receptor; PIP₂: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate; PIP₃: Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate; IRS: Insulin receptor substrate; PI3K: Phosphotidylinositide-3-kinase; PDK1/2: 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and 2; PKB/Akt: Protein kinase B; GCK: Glucokinase; G6Pase: Glucosio-6-phosphatase; PGM: Phosphoglucomutase; UDPGPP: UDP-glucosepyrophosphorylase; GP: Glycogen phosphorylase; GSK3: Glycogen synthase kinase 3; GS: Glycogen synthase; PEPCK: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; BE: Branching enzyme; DBE: Debranching enzyme; UTP: Uridine triphosphate; PPi: Pyrophosphate.