Risk factors for cost-related medication non-adherence among older patients with diabetes

Table 1 Prevalence of cost-related medication non-adherence by Socio-Demographics, Health Status and Usage of Medical Resources n (%)

	All	Reported CRN	Did not report CRN	P value
Full sample	4880 (100)	875 (18)	4005 (82)
Age
≥ 50 and ≤ 64	2031 (100)	573 (28)	1458 (72)
≥ 65 and ≤ 74	1505 (100)	207 (14)	1298 (86)
≥ 75 and ≤ 84	1017 (100)	82 (8)	935 (92)	< 0.001
≥ 85	329 (100)	13 (4)	314 (96)
Gender
Male	2224 (100)	343 (15)	1881 (85)
Female	2656 (100)	532 (20)	2124 (80)	< 0.001
Race
White	3298 (100)	502 (15)	2796 (85)
African-American	1187 (100)	277 (23)	910 (77)
Other	393 (100)	94 (24)	299 (76)	< 0.001
Ethnicity
Hispanic	883 (100)	189 (21)	694 (79)
Non-Hispanic	3997 (100)	686 (17)	3311 (83)	0.003
Nursing Home
Living in NH	138 (100)	7 (5)	131 (95)
Not in NH	4742 (100)	868 (18)	3874 (82)	< 0.001
Insurance coverage for Rx
Yes	4461 (100)	716 (16)	3745 (84)
No	419 (100)	159 (38)	260 (62)	< 0.001
Medicaid coverage
Currently covered	349 (100)	24 (7)	325 (93)
Not covered	4531 (100)	851 (19)	3680 (81)	< 0.001
ADL limitations
No limitation	3455 (100)	519 (15)	2936 (85)
1 or more limitations	1425 (100)	356 (25)	1069 (75)	< 0.001
IADL limitations
No limitation	3442 (100)	547 (16)	2895 (84)
1 or more limitations	1438 (100)	328 (23)	1110 (77)	< 0.001
Hospitalization
No hospitalization	3081 (100)	486 (16)	2595 (84)
1 or more hospitalizations	1799 (100)	389 (22)	1410 (78)	< 0.001
Monthly out-of-pocket payments for Rx
Payments: $ (s.d.)	69 (2.4)	108 (6.9)	60 (2.5)	< 0.001

P values by χ² tests, except for out-of-pocket payments for Rx, where t-test was performed. CRN: Cost-related medication non-adherence; ADL: Activities of daily living; IADL: Instrumental activities of daily living.