Counterregulation of insulin by leptin as key component of autonomic regulation of body weight

Figure 2 The effects of variable meal size (A) and energy availability (B) on the psychophysical ratings of hunger (A and B) and fullness (C and D) in 10 postmenopausal women subjected to a sedentary trial with a large morning meal (SED-AL), or a small morning meal SED-R, 2 h of moderate intensity exercise after a large morning meal (EX), and iv nutrient infusion (TPN) as a replacement of energy withheld from a morning meal (SED-R-TPN) or expended through exercise (EX-TPN). Meal size had a negative effect on hunger (F_df4,36 = 39.3, P < 0.0001) and a positive effect on fullness (F_df4,36 = 115.3, P < 0.0001). Exercise energy expenditure had a negative effect on hunger (F_df4,36 = 25.5, P < 0.0001), and a positive effect on fullness (F_df4,36 = 42.8; P < 0.0001). TPN had no effect on psychophysical ratings. Data from Ref. [39].