Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 5 Variants of tumor necrosis factor-α gene and their association with type 2 diabetes and related complications in different populations

Gene variation (SNPs)	Diseases	Population- Ethnic groups	Association	Ref.
G-308A	T2DM	Tarragona	S	[120]
	T2DM	Taiwanese	S	[121]
	T2DM	Croatian Caucasians	S	[122]
	T2DM and peridontitis	Chinese	S	[123]
	T2DM, MS and Obesity	Indian	S	[124]
	T2DM	Mexican	S	[125]
	Glucose metabolism	Brazilian	S	[126]
	T2DM	Japanese	NS	[127]
	T2DM	Mexican	NS	[128]
	T2DM	Chinese	NS	[129]
	T2DM	Greek	NS	[130]
	atherosclerotic diabetic	Hungarian	S	[131]
	T2DM	Indian	S	[81]
	T2DM	United Kingdom/Irish	NS	[132]
	T2DM	Finnish	S	[82]
sTNFR1 and sTNFR2	Glucose metabolism	Hungarian	NS	[133]
C-857T	IR and T2DM	Japanese	S	[134]

S: Significant; NS: Non-significant; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms; MS: Metabolic syndrome; TNFR1: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1.