Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Variants of interleukin-1 gene cluster (interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-1Ra, interleukin-18) and their association with type 2 diabetes in different populations

Gene	Variants (SNPs)	Population-Ethnic group	Association	Ref.
IL-1α	-889		NS	[26]
IL-1β	3954
IL-1β	-511
IL-1Ra	VNTR
IL-1α	3'UTR	Caucasians and African Americans	S	[27]
IL-1	C-889T	East Indian	S	[28]
IL-1β	C-511T
IL-1β	C3953T
IL-1α			S	[29]
IL-Ra	VNTR
IL-1β	C3954T		S	[30]
IL-1β	-511	North Indian	S	[31]
IL-1Ra	VNTR
IL-1β	C-511T		S	[32]
IL-1Ra	VNTR
IL-1β	C-511T	Korean	S	[33]
IL-1Ra	VNTR
IL-1Ra	VNTR		NS	[29]
IL-1Ra	VNTR		S	[34]
IL-1Ra	VNTR	North Indian	S	[17]
IL-1Ra	VNTR	Caucasians	NS	[35]
IL-1Ra	VNTR		S	[36]
IL-1RI	PstI, HinfI, AluI (promoter region)	Dalmatian population of South Croatia	S	[37]
	PstI (exon 1B region)
IL-18	+183 A/G	Norwegian	S	[38]
	-137 G/C		NS
	-607 C/A		NS
	-607 C/A	Chinese	S	[39]
	BCO2	European	S	[40]
	rs2250417	European	NS	[41]
	5 SNPs	European	S	[42]

UTR: Untranslated region; VNTR: Variable number of tandem repeats; S: Significant; NS: Nonsignificant; IL-1: Interleukin-1; SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms.