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©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Diabetes. Jun 15, 2014; 5(3): 267-281
Published online Jun 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267
Published online Jun 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267
Table 1 Bioactive compounds and functional properties of some of favorable fruits and vegetables
Ref. | Possible functional properties in diabetes | Main bioactive components and phytochemicals | Fruits and vegetables |
[58-62] | ↓ Systolic and diastolic blood pressure ↑ apolipoprotein a1 and HDL-C ↓ LDL oxidation, improve diabetes-induced lipid disorders ↓ cardiovascular risk factors ↓ aldose reductase activity and cataract ↑ antioxidative enzymes activity | Lycopene, β-carotene, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phytoan, phyto flava, quercetin, kampferol | Tomato and its by products |
[63-65] | ↓ Triglyceride levels, enhance endogenous antioxidant defense system, regulation of appetite | Lycopene, pectin, naringin, hesperidin | Grapefruit |
[66-69] | ↑ Nitric oxide biosynthesis, improve endothelial function ↓ blood pressure ↑ plasma arginine levels and consequently ↓ insulin resistance and adipocyte size | Lycopene, carotenoids, cytrolin | Watermelon |
[70-73] | ↓ Absorption of dietary carbohydrate ↓ postprandial glycemia, improve pancreatic β-cell function ↓ free radical generation ↓ lipid peroxidation ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity, prevent vascular damage, improve dyslipidemia | Soluble fiber, quercetin, catechins, epicatechin, P-cumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, phlordizin, procyanidins | Red apple, apple peel, apple and its by products |
[74-81] | Glycemic control, inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase activity ↓ digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates ↓ insulin resistance, improve dyslipidemia ↓ postprandial oxidative stress ↓ lipid peroxidation ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity ↓ systolic blood pressure ↑ antioxidative enzymes activity ↑ adipocytes lipolysis ↓ inflammatory processes, modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors | Anthocyanins, tannins, ellagitanins, α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein, delphinidins, pelargonidins, ciyanidins, catechins, hydroxy-cinnamic acid | Berries; cranberry, blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, red raspberry, strawberries |
[82-86] | Protective effects on vascular system ↓ platelet hyperactivity and aggregation ↓ cardiovascular diseases ↓ oxidative damage ↓ rennin-angiotensin activity ↑ production of nitric oxide ↓ blood pressure ↑ bone-marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells | Anthocyanins, resveratrol | Grapes, grape by products |
[87-91] | ↓ Hyperglycemia ↓ HbA1c, improve lipid disorders, anti-inflammatory properties (inhibit cyclooxygenase) ↓ abdominal fat ↓ microalbuminuria, improve metabolic syndrome and fatty liver features ↓ oxidative stress ↓ production of cytokines, induction of PPARγ↓ diabetic neuropathy | Anthocyanins, quercetin, hydroxy-cinnamic acid, carotenoids, melatonin, phenolic acids, gallic acid, lutein, xanthine, β-carotene | Cherries |
[92-95] | ↓ Hyperglycemia, attenuate hyperglycemia-induced metabolic disorders ↓ lipid peroxidation, induction of gluthathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, delay progression of nephropathy ↓ inflammatory processes, improve dyslipidemia | Isothiocyanates, anthocyanins (red cabbage), carotenoids, lutein, β-carotene | Cabbage, Cauliflower |
[96-100] | ↓ Hyperglycemia ↑ endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity, inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme ↓ blood pressure, improve vascular function ↓ cholesterol and atherogenic lipids ↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ progression of atherosclerosis ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity, modulate activation of PPARγ and nuclear factor κB ↑ activity of paraxonase 1 and HDL-C levels ↓ serum resistin levels and ameliorate obesity-induced insulin resistance | Anthocyanins, tannins, catechins, gallocatechins, punicalagin acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, uallic acid | Pomegranate and its by products, pomegranate peel and seeds |
[101-105] | ↓ Hyperglycemia, induce insulin secretion from β-cell ↓ blood pressure, inhibit enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, improve dyslipidemia, prevent atherosclerosis ↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ platelet hyperactivity and aggregation, regulate glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism pathways ↑ insulin sensitivity | Allyl sulfors, flavonoids, quercetin, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins (red onion) | Garlic, onions |
[106-111] | ↓ Endothelial macrophage activation ↓ hyperactivity and aggregation of platelet, improve vascular function ↓ oxidative stress and inhibit stress-sensitive signaling pathways ↓ digestion of dietary lipids, improve dyslipidemia ↓ pro-inflammatory cytokines ↓ lipid peroxidation | Lutein, xanthine, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, naringenin, hesperidin, β-carotene, phytosterols | Citrus fruits |
[112-113] | ↓ Free radical generation and lipid peroxidation, binding to bile acids ↑ cholesterol excretion, improve lipid profile ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity | Lutein, betaine, violaxanthine, opioid peptides (rubisculins), P-cumaric acid, ferulic acid | Spinach |
[114-115] | Improve glycemic and insulinemic response ↓ systemic inflammation ↓ cardiovascular disease risk factors | Carotenoids, pectin, oleic and linolenic acids | Pumpkin |
[116] | Improve hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia ↑ adiponectin, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect | Fiber, polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins | Plums |
[117-119] | Improve dyslipidemia, anti-inflammatory properties ↓ lipid peroxidation ↑ plasma total antioxidant capacity | Soluble fiber (pectin), α-carotene, β-carotene lutein, phenolic acids, stilbenes | Carrots |
[120-122] | Inhibit α-amylase ↓ postprandial glycemia ↑ glycogen synthesis, improve dyslipidemia ↓ lipid peroxidation, protective effect against diabetic nephropathy | Carotenoids, quercetin, kampferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, catechins, tannins, mangiferin | Mango |
[123-127] | Regulate carbohydrate metabolism (↑ glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity ↓ glucose-6-phosphatase activity) ↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ protein carbonylation ↑ antioxidant enzyme activity, improve metabolic syndrome features ↑ insulin sensitivity ↓carbohydrate absorption ↓ plasma free fatty acid | Anthocyanins, alkaloid compounds (berberine, oxycontin) | Barberry |
[128-131] | Protective effects against diabetic neuropathy ↓ lipid peroxidation, induce antioxidant enzymes, protect liver and kidney against oxidative damage | Dietary fiber, polyphenols, acid cinnamic, melatonin | Date fruit |
[132-133] | Improve lipid and lipoprotein metabolism ↑ insulin sensitivity ↓ blood pressure | Dietary fiber, pectin, flavonoids, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechins, anthocyanins | Figs |
- Citation: Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Azizi F. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: A review. World J Diabetes 2014; 5(3): 267-281
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v5/i3/267.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.267