Review
Copyright ©2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2014; 5(1): 17-39
Published online Feb 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.17
Table 1 Prevalence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy as reported in major studies
Ref.YearCountryN of subjectsType of DMPopulation characteristicsDiagnostic testCriteria appliedPrevalence(%)Comments
O’Brien et al[111]1991United Kingdom506IDDMMean age 45 yr, mean DM duration 15 yr, female 42%HRV in response to (1) rest (2) single deep breath (3) Valsalva manoeuvre or (4) standingAt least two positive of the tests mentioned in the previous column17Prevalence of CAN was associated with the presence of other DM complications
Ziegler et al[223]1992Germany130Newly diagnosed IDDMCV of HRV, low- and mid- frequency bands of spectral analysis, MCR, Valsalva manoeuvre or lying-to standingAt least three positive of the tests mentioned in the previous column7.7
Austria647Total IDDM25.3
Switzerland524Non-IDDM34.3
Kennedy et al[11]1995United States290IDDMListed pancreas transplantation recipientsHRV Valsalva manoeuvre90 88
DCCT research group[19]1998United States1441IDDM (1) primary prevention cohort (absence of end–organ damage such as retinopathy and microalbuminuria) (2) secondary intervention cohort (mild/ moderate retinopathy +/- microalbuminuria)Mean age 27 yr, female 47% duration of DM 1-5 yr (mean 2.6) primary prevention cohort 1-15 yr (mean 8.8) secondary intervention cohortHRVR-R variation < 151.6-6.2These figures represent baseline characteristics
Valsalva manoeuvreValsalva ratio < 1.55.5-6.3
Postural BPDiastolic BP drop > 10 mmHg0
Kempler et al[28] (EURODIAB IDDM)200216 European countries3250T1DMMean age 32 yr, mean DM duration 14 yr, female 49%(1) R-R response to standing (2) Postural BPR-R ratio < 1.04 or drop > 20 mmHg in systolic BP36Correlation with age, DM duration and HbA1c
Gaede et al[5,224] (the Steno type 2 study)2003Denmark160T2DMMean age 55 yr, female 27%, HbA1C 8.8% at baseline(1) R-R response to breathing (2)Postural BPR-R variation < 6 or drop > 25 mmHg in systolic BP27.5This figure represents baseline findings
Valensi et al[27]2003France245T1DMMean age 39.6 yr, mean DM duration 8.6 yr, female 43%R-R response toCriteria for abnormal tests were based on Armstrong et al[225]Rate of moderate/severe CAN was higher in T1DM (18.2% and 4.8%) than in T2DM (12.3% and 2.3%) (P = 0.031)
151T2DM(1) deep breathing21.2
(2) Valsalva and20.7
(3) standing33.5
At least two positive tests (classed as moderate CAN)20
Low et al[23]2004United States83T1DMMean age 59 yr, white 99%, female 48%(1) Sudomotor axon-reflex test (2) Valsalva manoeuvre (3) BP and HR response to standing (4) R-R response to deep breathingCASS ≥ 1 in two domains or ≥ 2 in one domain (sudomotor, cardiovagal, adrenergic)54This study focuses on DAN but encompasses several cardiac autonomic tests
148T2DM73
Pop-Busui et al[18] (DCCT/EDIC study)2009United States620IDDM-former intensive Tx group IDDM-former conventional Tx groupMean age 47 yr in both groups, mean DM duration 26 yr, female 49% and 46% respectivelyR-R response to (1) deep breathing (2) Valsalva manoeuvre (3) postural BPR-R < 15 or R-R 15-19.9 and Valsalva ratio < 1.5 or drop > 15 mmHg in diastolic BP2913/14 yr post closeout of DCCT
59135