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World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2014; 5(1): 17-39
Published online Feb 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.17
Published online Feb 15, 2014. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.17
Ref. | Year | Country | N of subjects | Type of DM | Population characteristics | Diagnostic test | Criteria applied | Prevalence(%) | Comments |
O’Brien et al[111] | 1991 | United Kingdom | 506 | IDDM | Mean age 45 yr, mean DM duration 15 yr, female 42% | HRV in response to (1) rest (2) single deep breath (3) Valsalva manoeuvre or (4) standing | At least two positive of the tests mentioned in the previous column | 17 | Prevalence of CAN was associated with the presence of other DM complications |
Ziegler et al[223] | 1992 | Germany | 130 | Newly diagnosed IDDM | CV of HRV, low- and mid- frequency bands of spectral analysis, MCR, Valsalva manoeuvre or lying-to standing | At least three positive of the tests mentioned in the previous column | 7.7 | ||
Austria | 647 | Total IDDM | 25.3 | ||||||
Switzerland | 524 | Non-IDDM | 34.3 | ||||||
Kennedy et al[11] | 1995 | United States | 290 | IDDM | Listed pancreas transplantation recipients | HRV Valsalva manoeuvre | 90 88 | ||
DCCT research group[19] | 1998 | United States | 1441 | IDDM (1) primary prevention cohort (absence of end–organ damage such as retinopathy and microalbuminuria) (2) secondary intervention cohort (mild/ moderate retinopathy +/- microalbuminuria) | Mean age 27 yr, female 47% duration of DM 1-5 yr (mean 2.6) primary prevention cohort 1-15 yr (mean 8.8) secondary intervention cohort | HRV | R-R variation < 15 | 1.6-6.2 | These figures represent baseline characteristics |
Valsalva manoeuvre | Valsalva ratio < 1.5 | 5.5-6.3 | |||||||
Postural BP | Diastolic BP drop > 10 mmHg | 0 | |||||||
Kempler et al[28] (EURODIAB IDDM) | 2002 | 16 European countries | 3250 | T1DM | Mean age 32 yr, mean DM duration 14 yr, female 49% | (1) R-R response to standing (2) Postural BP | R-R ratio < 1.04 or drop > 20 mmHg in systolic BP | 36 | Correlation with age, DM duration and HbA1c |
Gaede et al[5,224] (the Steno type 2 study) | 2003 | Denmark | 160 | T2DM | Mean age 55 yr, female 27%, HbA1C 8.8% at baseline | (1) R-R response to breathing (2)Postural BP | R-R variation < 6 or drop > 25 mmHg in systolic BP | 27.5 | This figure represents baseline findings |
Valensi et al[27] | 2003 | France | 245 | T1DM | Mean age 39.6 yr, mean DM duration 8.6 yr, female 43% | R-R response to | Criteria for abnormal tests were based on Armstrong et al[225] | Rate of moderate/severe CAN was higher in T1DM (18.2% and 4.8%) than in T2DM (12.3% and 2.3%) (P = 0.031) | |
151 | T2DM | (1) deep breathing | 21.2 | ||||||
(2) Valsalva and | 20.7 | ||||||||
(3) standing | 33.5 | ||||||||
At least two positive tests (classed as moderate CAN) | 20 | ||||||||
Low et al[23] | 2004 | United States | 83 | T1DM | Mean age 59 yr, white 99%, female 48% | (1) Sudomotor axon-reflex test (2) Valsalva manoeuvre (3) BP and HR response to standing (4) R-R response to deep breathing | CASS ≥ 1 in two domains or ≥ 2 in one domain (sudomotor, cardiovagal, adrenergic) | 54 | This study focuses on DAN but encompasses several cardiac autonomic tests |
148 | T2DM | 73 | |||||||
Pop-Busui et al[18] (DCCT/EDIC study) | 2009 | United States | 620 | IDDM-former intensive Tx group IDDM-former conventional Tx group | Mean age 47 yr in both groups, mean DM duration 26 yr, female 49% and 46% respectively | R-R response to (1) deep breathing (2) Valsalva manoeuvre (3) postural BP | R-R < 15 or R-R 15-19.9 and Valsalva ratio < 1.5 or drop > 15 mmHg in diastolic BP | 29 | 13/14 yr post closeout of DCCT |
591 | 35 |
- Citation: Dimitropoulos G, Tahrani AA, Stevens MJ. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014; 5(1): 17-39
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v5/i1/17.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v5.i1.17