Impaired fasting glucose: Pro-diabetic, “atheroprotective” and modified by metabolic syndrome

Table 5 Clinical significance of impaired fasting glucose in regard to cardiometabolic risk depending on presence of metabolic syndrome

Risk	Diabetes1	CHD2
Men without MetS	3-fold risk conferring	Protective
with MetS	3-fold risk conferring	Slightly protective
Women without MetS	Confers minimal risk	Protective
with MetS	3-fold risk conferring	Slightly risk conferring3

¹Independent of age, body mass index, smoking, hypertension and high-density lipoprotein dysfunction;

²Independent of age, smoking, systolic blood pressure non HDL cholesterol and dysfunctional HDL;

³Likely related to autoimmune activation involving lipoprotein (a). MetS: Metabolic syndrome; CHD: Coronary heart disease.