Impaired fasting glucose: Pro-diabetic, “atheroprotective” and modified by metabolic syndrome

Table 4 Cox regression analysis for incident coronary heart disease of impaired fasting glucose, by presence of metabolic syndrome and gender

	Whole sample						Without MetS						With MetS
	Total,n = 359/271812		Men,n = 175/13242		Women,n = 184/13942		Total,n = 133/15691		Men,n = 74/795		Women,n = 59/7741		Total,n = 226/11381		Men,n = 101/524		Women,n = 125/614
	HR	95%CI	RR	95%CI	RR	95%CI	HR	95%CI	RR	95%CI	RR	95%CI	HR	95%CI	RR	95%CI	RR	95%CI
Female sex	0.94	0.72-1.22					0.82	0.54-1.27					0.98	0.70-1.38
Age (11 yr)	1.49	1.34-1.66	1.52	1.31-1.76	1.46	1.26-1.71	1.71	1.46-2.02	1.71	1.37-2.13	1.75	1.37-2.24	1.33	1.15-1.52	1.40	1.14-1.73	1.24	1.02-1.51
IFG (FG > 100 mg/dL)	0.93	0.71-1.21	0.71	0.46-1.10	1.10	0.78-1.55	0.37	0.14-0.998	0.47	0.15-1.53	0.22	0.03-1.64	0.96	0.72-1.29	0.75	0.46-1.23	1.10	0.76-1.61
Non-HDL chol. (35 mg/dL)	1.37	1.23-1.47	1.42	1.23-1.63	1.32	1.15-1.52	1.47	1.23-1.68	1.57	1.28-1.93	1.37	1.07-1.68	1.28	1.11-1.42	1.32	1.07-1.57	1.28	1.11-1.52
HDL cholest. (12 mg/dL)	0.84	0.76-0.95	0.87	0.73-1.04	0.83	0.71-0.98	0.90	0.76-1.07	0.93	0.73-1.20	0.85	0.66-1.09	0.90	0.74-1.09	0.83	0.62-1.13	0.95	0.75-1.22
Systolic BP (25 mmHg)	1.42	1.28-1.56	1.72	1.49-2.04	1.31	1.16-1.49	1.35	1.13-1.60	1.60	1.22-2.15	1.22	0.95-1.52	1.35	1.19-1.56	1.72	1.38-2.15	1.22	1.03-1.42
Current vs never smoking	1.13	0.86-1.49	1.52	1.04-2.21	0.78	0.49-1.25	1.19	0.78-1.84	1.34	0.76-2.37	1.09	0.52-2.26	1.13	0.78-1.64	1.60	0.96-2.67	0.70	0.37-1.31
Former vs never smoking	1.13	0.79-1.60	1.23	0.81-1.88	1.42	0.66-3.05	1.05	0.58-1.90	0.93	0.45-1.92	2.22	0.90-6.22	1.15	0.74-1.79	1.38	0.81-2.33	0.95	0.30-3.03

¹Number of cases/number at risk;

²Participants with prevalent CHD and/or no follow-up were excluded. Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was present in 17.7% of participants [8.5% of subjects without metabolic syndrome (MetS) and in 30.5% with MetS]. Current smoking in 35.8%, former smoking in 12.2% of participants. Statin drugs had an RR = 0.97 in 5 men without MetS and RR 1.06 in 9 men with MetS. RR 0.76 in all men. Statin drugs had an RR 1.96 in 8 women without MetS and RR 1.62 in 22 women with MetS. RR 1.69 in all women (P = 0.18). HDL: High-density lipoprotein; BP: Blood pressure.