Parental transmission of type 2 diabetes mellitus in a highly endogamous population

Table 3 Physical, metabolic characteristics and complications among diabetic patients according to family history of diabetes mellitus (n = 1980)

Parameters	Family history1		No family history of DM	P value
	Paternal history (n = 635)	Maternal history (n = 809)	(n = 536)
Age (yr)	44.9 ± 14	45.1 ± 15	46.7 ± 13.3	0.073
Duration of diagnosis (yr)	6.9 ± 4.2	7.3 ± 4.3	6.4 ± 3.3	0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	27.4 ± 4.9	26.8 ± 4.8	27.7 ± 4.9	0.033
Metabolic characteristics
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	129.9 ± 19.5	129.1 ± 18.1	127.1 ± 14.7	0.033
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	81.3 ± 11	80.4 ± 10.5	79.4 ± 8.5	0.025
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	9.9 ± 8.0	9.1 ± 5.0	9.1 ± 4.7	0.092
HbA1c	8.2 ± 2.2	7.9 ± 2.1	8.1 ± 2.2	0.188
Serum urea level	5.9 ± 1.5	6.3 ± 2.3	5.8 ± 1.7	0.135
Serum creatinine (mmol/L)	77.2 ± 9.5	78.1 ± 9.8	73.8 ± 8.6	0.371
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	5.0 ± 1.1	4.8 ± 1.1	4.9 ± 1.2	0.095
Serum alkaline phosphate	94.6 ± 11.3	101.7 ± 13.8	100 ± 12.4	0.402
T2DM complications, n (%)
Sleep loss	88 (13.9)	99 (12.2)	36 (6.7)	< 0.001
Hypertension	167 (29.6)	156 (22.0)	111 (20.9)	0.001
Neuropathy	60 (9.4)	82 (10.1)	44 (8.2)	0.494
Retinopathy	112 (17.6)	108 (13.3)	61 (11.4)	0.006
Nephropathy	93 (14.6)	105 (13.0)	58 (10.8)	0.151
Antipathy	51 (8.0)	62 (7.7)	25 (4.7)	0.047

Data are expressed as absolute n (%) or mean ± SD.

¹Up to the third generation, two sided P values based on one way analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey’s test for quantitative variables and χ² test for categorical variables. DM: Diabetes mellitus; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c.