Review
Copyright ©2012 Baishideng Publishing Group Co.
World J Diabetes. Jan 15, 2012; 3(1): 7-18
Published online Jan 15, 2012. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v3.i1.7
Table 1 Mechanisms and consequences related to protein kinase C activation-mediated harmful effects in diabetes mellitus
Reduction of nitric oxide production
Increased endothelin-1, prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane A2
Induction of growth factor expression: Transforming growth factor-β and vascular endothelial growth factor
Accumulation of microvascular matrix, fibronectin and type IV collagen
Overexpression of fibrinolytic inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B
Increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity
Blood-flow abnormalities
Alteration of vascular permeability
Induction of angiogenesis
Organ fibrosis
Capillary occlusion
Induction of inflammatory mediators
Stimulation of oxidative stress