Biochemical and cellular evidence of the benefit of a combination of cerium oxide nanoparticles and selenium to diabetic rats

Table 2 Effects of various treatments on oxidative stress biomarkers in plasma and liver (mean ± SE)

Groups	LPO		TAC		TTM
	Plasma (nmol/mL)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)	Plasma (μmol/mL)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)	Plasma (mmol/L)	Liver (nmol/mg protein)
Control	2.08 ± 0.36	2.16 ± 0.23	528.62 ± 7.45	5.47 ± 0.34	0.512 ± 0.026	10.02 ± 0.36
Diabetic control	6.97 ± 0.33b	5.37 ± 0.34b	224.20 ± 13.43b	1.45 ± 0.19b	0.376 ± 0.024a	7.91 ± 0.30a
Cerium oxide	6.85 ± 0.42b,h	5.31 ± 0.31b,h	231.43 ± 5.68b,h	1.73 ± 0.23b,h	0.360 ± 0.016a,g	6.67 ± 0.40b,h
Nanocerium oxide	4.92 ± 0.42b,d,f	4.12 ± 0.22b,c,f	272.33 ± 10.49b,h	3.13 ± 0.29b,d,h	0.379 ± 0.010a,f	7.10 ± 0.25b,h
Sodium selenite	5.14 ± 0.33b,c,g	3.95 ± 0.22a,c,f	257.46 ± 12.28b,h	2.98 ± 0.17b,d,h	0.480 ± 0.025c,f	9.32 ± 0.32c
Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite	3.19 ± 0.30e	2.60 ± 0.26e	493.46 ± 7.45e	4.97 ± 0.28e	0.500 ± 0.024d	9.83 ± 0.30d

^aP < 0.01, ^bP < 0.001 vs control group; ^cP < 0.01, ^dP < 0.01, ^eP < 0.001 vs diabetic control group; ^fP < 0.05, ^gP < 0.01, ^hP < 0.001 vs Nanocerium oxide + Sodium selenite group. LPO: Lipid peroxidation; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity; TTM: Total thiol molecules.