Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

Table 3 Summary of baseline characteristics of variables for female and male adults according to the severity of weight gain

Female N = 388
Baseline data	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG >10%
	n = 105	n = 100	n = 99	n = 84
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)	33.6 (8.7)	33.0 (7.4)	33.1 (8.1)	31.1 (7.0)
Body weight (kg)	55.3 (7.3)	53.0 (7.5)	53.5 (8.3)	55.3 (8.8)
Body mass index (kg/m2)b	23.9 (2.7)	23.8 (2.8)	23.3 (3.0)	22.6 (2.8)
Waist (cm)	68.8 (5.9)	67.8 (6.4)	68.1 (7.9)	69.5 (7.2)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	112.2 (13.8)	109.7 (12.1)	113.2 (14.6)	110.6 (12.9)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	68.9 (9.0)	67.7 (8.8)	69.8 (9.6)	67.7 (8.1)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	94.0 (9.1)	94.7 (8.6)	94.2 (7.0)	91.9 (7.4)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	79.4 (38.3)	73.4 (33.6)	74.0 (33.1)	73.2 (51.9)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	53.2 (11.6)	57.1 (12.9)	56.4 (14.4)	55.6 (10.2)
Prevalent rates (%)
Lifestyle factors
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a week	25.70%	26.00%	23.20%	27.40%
Habitual drinker	1.00%	0.00%	0.00%	0.00%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)	28.60%	26.00%	44.40%	27.40%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)	59.00%	55.00%	74.70%	54.80%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)	6.70%	3.00%	4.00%	7.10%
Male N = 996
Baseline data	WG within 5 years
	Control	Mild	Moderate	Severe
	%WG ≤1%	1% < %WG ≤5%	5% < %WG ≤10%	%WG > 10%
	n = 236	n = 237	n = 288	n = 235
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)b	33.4 (5.7)	33.5 (6.0)	32.2 (5.7)	29.2 (5.0)
Body weight (kg)b	68.5 (9.0)	68.6 (10.1)	67.1 (9.6)	65.6 (9.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2)	22.2 (2.8)	21.6 (2.8)	21.8 (3.5)	22.4 (3.1)
Waist (cm)b	79.3 (7.0)	79.2 (7.5)	78.4 (7.9)	76.3 (7.5)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b	121.8 (13.8)	119.2 (14.3)	118.2 (14.9)	117.6 (13.0)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b	75.2 (8.9)	73.4 (8.9)	72.0 (9.8)	71.1 (7.6)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	96.6 (17.1)	94.4 (7.6)	93.8 (7.5)	93.2 (22.3)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)b	131.5 (137.6)	119.1 (70.2)	107.3 (59.5)	95.9 (51.1)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)a	47.4 (10.3)	47.9 (11.5)	48.8 (11.3)	50.1 (10.5)
Prevalent rates (%)
Lifestyle factors
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a week	39.00%	32.90%	34.00%	32.80%
Habitual drinker	8.50%	10.10%	11.50%	9.40%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)a	36.40%	40.10%	44.10%	48.90%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)	41.10%	38.80%	37.50%	46.80%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)	41.90%	40.90%	43.10%	44.70%

^aP < 0.05,

^bP < 0.01, An ANOVA was conducted, adjusting for age, using a Tukey’s test. A trend test was conducted for categorical variables; WG: weight gain; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.