Excessive 5-year weight gain predicts metabolic syndrome development in healthy middle-aged adults

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of subjects without metabolic syndrome and five-year occurrence rates of metabolic syndrome

Baseline data	Overall	Female	Male
	N = 1384	n = 388	n = 996
Measurements; mean (standard deviation)
Age (year)	32.3 (6.5)	32.8 (7.9)	32.1 (5.9)
Body weight (kg)a	63.7 (10.9)	54.2 (8.0)	67.4 (9.6)
Body mass index (kg/m2)a	23.0 (3.0)	22.0 (3.1)	23.4 (2.9)
Waist (cm)a	75.6 (8.6)	68.5 (6.9)	78.3 (7.6)
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)a	117.0 (14.3)	111.5 (13.4)	119.2 (14.1)
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)a	71.7 (9.2)	68.6 (8.9)	72.9 (9.0)
Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL)	94.3 (13.2)	93.8 (8.2)	94.5 (14.8)
Triglycerides (mg/dL)a	102.5 (78.0)	75.1 (39.3)	113.1 (86.3)
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)a	50.5 (11.8)	55.6 (12.5)	48.6 (11.0)
Prevalent rates (%)
Central obesity	3.90%	4.60%	3.60%
Hyperglycemia	20.50%	20.10%	20.70%
High blood pressurea	17.70%	8.50%	21.30%
Hypertriglyceridemiaa	13.70%	4.10%	17.50%
Low-HDL cholesterolemiaa	24.40%	35.30%	20.20%
Lifestyle
Physical exercise; ≥ 3 times a weeka	32.10%	25.50%	34.60%
Habitual drinkera	7.20%	0.30%	9.90%
Having snacks before sleeping (≥ third a week)a	39.50%	31.70%	42.50%
Having snacks between meals (≥ third a week)a	46.50%	61.10%	40.90%
Ever been a smoker (yes vs no)a	32.20%	5.20%	42.70%
MetS development within 5 yearsa	12.60%	8.80%	14.20%

^aP < 0.01, t-test for continual variables between genders; χ2 test was conducted for categorical variables between genders; HDL: high density lipoprotein cholesterol.