Endoplasmic reticulum stress and forkhead box protein O1 inhibition mediate palmitic acid and high glucose-induced β-cell dedifferentiation

Figure 3 RNA-sequencing analysis of dedifferentiated INS-1 cells. A: Principal component analysis plot of INS-1 cell treated with bovine serum albumin (control), high glucose plus palmitate acid (Glu + PA) or high glucose plus palmitate acid plus AS1842856 (Glu + PA + AS). Principal component 1 and principal component 2 were used for analysis; B: Heatmaps of transcripts in β-cell forbidden genes, endocrine precursor marker genes and β-cell enriched genes. Z-score metrics are indicated above the map; C: Venn diagram describes the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Glu + PA vs control, and Glu + PA + AS vs control; D: Gene Ontology (GO) classification of 805 co-expressed DEGs shared in (C), including molecular function, cellular component and biological process. Pie charts display the proportion of each subcategory, the number of genes, and the names of GO subcategories; E: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway cluster analysis based on the 805 co-enriched DEGs described in (C). The color indicates the enrichment Q value, and the size of bubbles indicates the number of genes annotated to the KEGG pathway. X-axis is the enrichment ratio, and Y-axis is the KEGG pathway. Q value ≤ 0.05 is considered a significant enrichment. PCA: Principal component analysis; Glu: Glucose; PA: Palmitic acid; AS: AS1842856; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; TGF: Transforming growth factor; IL: Interleukin.