Anemia risk and mitigation strategies in type 2 diabetic patients: The role of novel antidiabetic agents

Table 1 Effects of novel antidiabetic drugs on the risk of anemia

Therapy	Mechanism	Effect on anemia risk	Clinical implications
SGLT2 inhibitors	Improves kidney function, reduces inflammation, enhances erythropoiesis	Reduces anemia risk, particularly in CKD patients	Improves cardiovascular and kidney outcomes; reduces anemia incidence
GLP-1 receptor agonists	Slows gastrointestinal motility, impairs nutrient absorption (iron, B12)	May increase anemia risk due to malabsorption; anti-inflammatory effects may offset risks	Effective in glycemic control and weight management; requires monitoring for anemia
GLP-1RA/GIP dual agonists	Promotes weight loss, reduces hepcidin levels, improves iron metabolism	Effects on anemia risk not fully understood; potential benefits from improved iron status	Significant potential in T2DM and obesity management; further studies needed

SGLT2: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; GLP-1RA: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist.