Risks of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic-related complications, and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan

Table 3 Effects of age, sex, the metabolic profile, and exercise on the relative risks of cirrhosis of the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic complications, and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes and nondiabetic subjects

Variables	Cirrhosis of the liver, HR (95%CI)1	HCC, HR (95%CI)1	Hepatic complications, HR (95%CI)1	Hepatic mortality, HR (95%CI)1
Age
Nondiabetic group
< 50 years	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
≥ 50 years	2.29 (2.12-2.48)	5.49 (4.67-6.45)	1.59 (1.43-1.78)	4.32 (3.57-5.24)
T2D patients
< 50 years	1.78 (1.46-2.17)	2.05 (1.30-3.23)	2.11 (1.64-2.71)	2.22 (1.37-3.59)
≥ 50 years	3.41 (2.98-3.91)	11.91 (9.61-14.77)	3.10 (2.56-3.74)	10.29 (7.99-13.26)
Sex
Nondiabetic group
Women	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Men	2.11 (1.94-2.28)	2.67 (2.29-3.12)	1.53 (1.37-1.71)	2.56 (2.11-3.11)
T2D patients
Women	1.82 (1.53-2.18)	1.78 (1.30-2.43)	2.34 (1.87-2.94)	2.28 (1.61-3.23)
Men	2.70 (2.33-3.14)	4.86 (3.87-6.09)	2.45 (1.98-3.03)	5.10 (3.89-6.71)
Obesity (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2vs > 30 kg/m2)
Nondiabetic group
No	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.30 (1.15-1.48)	1.51 (1.20-1.91)	0.89 (0.72-1.09)	1.55 (1.18-2.05)
T2D patients
No	1.43 (1.27-1.63)	1.87 (1.55-2.25)	1.65 (1.39-1.97)	2.04 (1.63-2.55)
Yes	1.98 (1.60-2.45)	2.47 (1.74-3.49)	2.25 (1.69-3.00)	3.25 (2.25-4.71)
Hypertension
Nondiabetic group
No	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.19 (1.09-1.29)	1.08 (0.94-1.25)	0.96 (0.59-1.54)	1.26 (1.05-1.52)
T2D patients
No	1.55 (1.28-1.87)	1.52 (1.11-2.07)	1.74 (1.48-2.04)	1.88 (1.30-2.73)
Yes	1.70 (1.47-1.96)	2.07 (1.66-2.57)	2.80 (1.65-4.77)	2.70 (2.08-3.51)
Dyslipidemia
Nondiabetic group
No	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	1.26 (1.17-1.37)	0.87 (0.75-1.00)	1.43 (1.29-1.60)	1.23 (1.03-1.47)
T2D patients
No	1.55 (1.29-1.85)	1.48 (1.13-1.93)	2.06 (1.59-2.67)	1.97 (1.42-2.74)
Yes	1.83 (1.59-2.11)	1.92 (1.56-2.37)	2.69 (2.22-3.26)	2.78 (2.16-3.57)
Regular exercise
Nondiabetic group
No	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Yes	0.71 (0.66-0.77)	0.71 (0.62-0.82)	0.77 (0.69-0.85)	0.63 (0.53-0.75)
T2D patients
No	1.56 (1.35-1.80)	1.71 (1.35-2.17)	2.06 (1.69-2.51)	2.12 (1.63-2.75)
Yes	0.94 (0.79-1.11)	1.36 (1.08-1.71)	1.26 (0.99-1.59)	1.27 (0.95-1.71)

¹Based on the Cox proportional hazard regression model adjusted for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase as continuous variables, with sex and regular exercise as categorical variables.

BMI: Body mass index; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; HR: Hazard ratio.