Plantamajoside: A potentially novel botanical agent for diabetes mellitus management

Table 1 Current bioactivities of plantamajoside in various diseases[14,15,17,19-30]

Bioactivities	Mechanism of action	Specific diseases	Ref.
Antioxidative	Scavenge free radicals, reduce oxidative stress and decrease activities of SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px	Acute myocardial infarction	Zeng et al[15]; Choi et al[21]; Amakura et al[22]
Anti-inflammation	Inhibit PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and pro-inflammatory factors, such as COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, NO, IL-8, and TNF-α	Osteoarthritis, pulmonary inflammation	Liu et al[14]; Lin et al[20]; Wu et al[23]
Antifibrosis	Suppress the fibrotic process and downregulate fibrosis-related factors, such as α-SMA, TGF-β, and Col1α1	Cardiac fibrosis, liver fibrosis	Wang and Yan[17]; Zhang et al[19]
Antitumor	Inhibit the growth and invasion of various tumor cells and induce apoptosis	Cervical cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma	Yin et al[24]; Zou et al[25]
Antimicrobial	Inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi and virus via disrupting metabolic processes and inhibiting the formation of aggregates and biofilms	Bacterial infections, fungal infections, viral infections	Zhakipbekov et al[26]; Chen et al[27]
Neuroprotective	Reduce neurons death, inhibit microglia polarization, alleviate substantia nigra damage	Acute spinal cord injury, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease	Darwish et al[28]; Guo et al[29]; Živković et al[30]

α-SMA: Alpha smooth muscle actin; Col1a1: Collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; COX-2: Cyclooxygenase 2; IL: Interleukin; iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase; NO: Nitric oxide; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor beta; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha.