Aucubin mitigates the elevation of microglial aerobic glycolysis and inflammation in diabetic neuropathic pain via aldose reductase

Figure 3 Aucubin releases streptozotocin-induced inflammatory responses. A: Representative bands of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6; B; Quantitative analysis of the relative expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 (n = 3); C: Representative bands of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in cytoplasmic protein and nuclear protein; D: Quantitative analysis of the relative expression of NF-kappa B in cytoplasmic protein and nuclear protein (n = 3); E: Representative images of immunofluorescence of iba1; F-H: Sholl analysis of microglia of interscetion numbers (F); area of soma (G); and max branch length (H). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. ^aP < 0.01 streptozotocin (STZ) + vehicle (Veh) vs STZ + aucubin; ^bP < 0.01 control + Veh vs STZ + Veh. CON: Control; STZ: Streptozotocin; Veh: Vehicle; Auc: Aucubin; TNF-α: Tumour necrosis factor-α; IL: Interleukin.