Effect of beinaglutide, a thrice-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist, on body weight and metabolic parameters: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 The basic characteristics of the included randomized controlled trials and participants

Registration no. and study place	Major baseline characteristics of the study subjects	Study arms	n	Age (years, mean ± SD)	Female (%)	Baseline body weight (kg, mean ± SD)	Baseline BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	Duration of RCT
ChiCTR1900023428, Multicenter in China[19]	Adults with BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 24-27.9 kg/m2 with weight-related complication; No DM	Beinaglutide 0.2 mg s.c. TID	282	35.3 ± 9.1	51.4	89.35 ± 18.30	31.74 ± 4.60	16 weeks with a 12-week post-treatment observation
		Placebo	138	36.9 ± 8.7	52.9	88.04 ± 18.10	31.5 ± 4.70
ChiCTR1900023611, Single center in China[20]	Adults with T2D with HbA1c ≤ 9.5%; NAFLD, MRS showing IHTG ≥ 15%	Beinaglutide 0.1 mg s.c. TID	25	47.2 ± 13.0	48	85.2 ± 14.9	30.5 ± 4.0	24 weeks
		Lifestyle intervention	25	52.8 ± 15.2	40	87.4 ± 20.2	30.1 ± 4.7
NCT03593668, Single center in China[21]	Adults with BMI ≥ 28-37.5 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 24-27.9 kg/m2 with weight-related complication; No DM	Beinaglutide 0.2 mg s.c. TID	32	32.5 ± 1 .6	50.0	94.0 ± 2.5	32.3 ± 0.4	12 weeks
		Metformin 0.5 gm orally TID	32	32.3 ± 1.4	56.3	88.0 ± 2.5	31.2 ± 0.6
ChiCTR2200061003, Single center in China[22]	Adults with T2D; BMI 22-40 kg/m2; At least 8 weeks of stable treatment with metformin alone (daily dose ≥ 1 g) prior to screening	Beinaglutide 0.1-0.2 mg s.c. TID + Metformin	67	52.1 ± 9.2	NA	84.34 ± 13.86	27.08 ± 3.64	6 months
		Insulin Aspart + Metformin	67	51.8 ± 8.3	NA	83.12 ± 16.09	26.87 ± 2.94
NCT03829891, Multicenter in China[23]	Adults with T2D for ≥ 6 months; HbA1c ≥ 7.5 - ≤ 11.0%; BMI 21-35 kg/m2; Stable OHA (alone or in combination therapy, excluding glinides, incretin-based therapies, and insulin) for ≥ 1 month	Beinaglutide 0.1-0.2 mg s.c. TID	35	52.6 ± 11.5	34.3	69.73 ± 14.45	24.71 ± 3.44	16 weeks, 8 weeks randomized period
		Insulin Glargine before bed	33	53.3 ± 8.13	21.2	72.36 ± 10.57	24.87 ± 2.48
ChiCTR2000033741, Single center in China[24]	Females with PCOS; Age 18-40 years; BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2	Beinaglutide 0.1-0.2 mg s.c. TID + Metformin 850 mg BID	32	26.75 ± 4.40	100	73.95 ± 6.71	28.65 ± 1.93	12 weeks
		Metformin 850 mg BID	32	25.43 ± 3.10	100	72.68 ± 6.23	28.79 ± 2.12

BID: Two times a day; BMI: Body mass index; DM: Diabetes mellitus; IHTG: Intrahepatic triglyceride; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NAFLD: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; OHA: Oral hypoglycemic agent; PCOS: Polycystic ovary syndrome; RCT: Randomized controlled trials; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; TID: Three times a day; s.c.: Subcutaneous injection; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; SD: standard deviation; NA: Not available.