Impact of diabetes duration and hyperglycemia on the progression of diabetic kidney disease: Insights from the KNHANES 2019-2021

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study participants, KNHANES 2019 to 2021

Characteristics	No diabetic kidney disease	Diabetic kidney disease	P value
Unweighted number	1688	615
Weighed number	3479066	1193443
Age, years	59.13 ± 0.37	64.09 ± 0.67	< 0.001
20-39	6.79 (0.87)	2.83 (0.82)	< 0.001
40-64	59.39 (1.36)	44.06 (2.52)
≥ 65	33.83 (1.27)	53.11 (2.53)
Sex (male)	57.73 (1.43)	59.52 (2.26)	0.5045
Smoking			0.3969
Never	48.70 (1.48)	49.24 (2.30)
Former	30.38 (1.37)	27.37 (2.09)
Current	20.92 (1.30)	23.39 (2.08)
Alcohol consumption			0.2791
Never	33.46 (1.31)	37.59 (2.34)
Mild	54.50 (1.40)	50.61 (2.40)
Heavy	12.04 (0.95)	11.80 (1.59)
Duration of diabetes mellitus, years			< 0.0001
New onset	36.80 (1.41)	24.51 (2.10)
< 5	25.06 (1.18)	17.89 (1.80)
5-10	15.41 (1.11)	15.69 (1.75)
10-15	11.15 (0.92)	15.56 (1.75)
15-20	6.25 (0.67)	8.04 (1.26)
≥ 20	5.34 (0.55)	18.30 (1.70)
Hemoglobin A1C (%)	7.09 ± 0.04	7.62 ± 0.08	< 0.0001
< 6.5	24.42 (1.2)	22.92 (2.06)
6.5-7	35.38 (1.32)	19.48 (1.76)
7-8	25.74 (1.29)	26.21 (2.17)
8-9	7.67 (0.80)	13.31 (1.62)
9-10	2.52 (0.45)	7.07 (1.12)
≥ 10	4.27 (0.66)	11.01 (1.69)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)	91.89 ± 0.41	76.94 ± 1.17	< 0.0001
UACR (mg/g)	9.35 ± 0.16	201.98 ± 19.42	< 0.0001
Regular physical activity	39.11 (1.44)	31.96 (2.18)	0.0056
Cardiovascular disease	10.23 (0.83)	13.78 (1.52)	0.0358
Hypertension	53.07 (1.54)	71.67 (2.30)	< 0.0001
Dyslipidemia	47.81 (1.42)	50.12 (2.54)	0.4134
WC (cm)	90.86 ± 0.29	91.35 ± 0.47	0.3835
Height (cm)	163.85 ± 0.28	163.06 ± 0.46	0.1502
Weight (cm)	69.89 ± 0.42	68.51 ± 0.72	0.1013
BMI (kg/m2)	25.9 ± 0.12	25.6 ± 0.19	0.1753
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	134.66 ± 1.08	146.82 ± 2.66	< 0.0001
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	176.62 ± 1.21	173.27 ± 2.23	0.1726

Values are presented as mean ± SE, percentage (SE), or geometric mean (95% confidence interval). KNHANES: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; eGFR: Estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR: Urinary albumin creatinine ratio; BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference.