Hemoglobin glycation index among adults with type 1 diabetes: Association with double diabetes features

Table 2 Characteristics among different hemoglobin glycation index groups, n (%)

Characteristics	Low HGI (n = 28)	Moderate HGI (n = 28)	High HGI (n = 27)	P value
Male	13 (46.4)	9 (32.1)	11 (40.7)	0.546
Age (years), median (25th-75th percentiles)	33.6 (25.5, 37.7)	32.7 (27.8, 39.4)	32.8 (26.7, 37.0)	0.850
Age at onset (years), median (25th-75th percentiles)	14.6 (9.7, 23.8)	15.5 (10.4, 22.6)	16.7 (9.5, 23.0)	0.940
Duration of diabetes (years), median (25th-75th percentiles)	15.2 (12.2, 20.2)	14.3 (12.4, 18.6)	15.2 (13.9, 20.0)	0.618
GADA +, IA-2A +, or ZnT8A +	17 (60.7)	20 (71.4)	13 (48.1)	0.211
Preserved β-cell function	19 (67.9)	20 (71.4)	13 (48.1)	0.159
Insulin pump users	14 (50.0)	15 (53.6)	8 (29.6)	0.158
Daily insulin dose (U/kg/day), median (25th-75th percentiles)	0.60 (0.51, 0.72)	0.54 (0.48, 0.64)	0.66 (0.53, 0.81)	0.103
Taking lipid-lowering medications	2 (7.1)	3 (10.7)	3 (11.1)	0.904
Taking oral hypoglycemic drugs	3 (10.7)	5 (17.9)	4 (14.8)	0.748
Dietary carbohydrate, median (25th-75th percentiles)	53.3 (37.8, 60.6)	51.8 (46.8, 58.8)	48.6 (46.0, 53.6)	0.755
Dietary fat, median (25th-75th percentiles)	28.2 (19.7, 35.0)	26.9 (23.1, 30.3)	29.3 (24.7, 30.8)	0.747
Dietary protein, median (25th-75th percentiles)	19.7 (17.4, 23.8)	19.2 (16.8, 21.9)	20.4 (18.8, 23.2)	0.476
MET-minute/week, median (25th-75th percentiles)	2144.0 (643.5, 3304.5)	1173.0 (490.0, 2013.0)	1386.0 (990.0, 2270.0)	0.414
DD features				0.025
01	13 (46.4)	10 (35.7)	3 (11.1)
1-2	12 (42.9)	12 (42.9)	13 (48.1)
≥ 31	3 (10.7)	6 (21.4)	11 (40.7)
Hemoglobin (g/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	143.5 (132.5, 152.5)	135.5 (121.5, 149.0)	131.0 (121.0, 146.0)	0.082
RBC count (1012/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	4.6 (4.4, 4.9)	4.5 (4.2, 4.8)	4.5 (4.1, 4.9)	0.757
Mean glucose (mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	6.9 (6.6, 7.6)	7.3 (6.4, 8.1)	8.1 (6.8, 8.5)	0.102
TBR (< 3.0 mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	0.70 (0.10, 1.29)	0.80 (0.20, 1.51)	0.70 (0.18, 2.39)	0.828
TBR (< 3.9 mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	7.8 (5.0, 9.6)	6.7 (5.7, 12.0)	7.8 (4.8, 12.0)	0.994
TIR, median (25th-75th percentiles)	78.2 (70.1, 85.9)	73.3 (65.7, 82.1)	65.4 (52.2, 83.5)	0.113
TAR (> 10.0 mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	11.5 (7.8, 20.5)	18.2 (7.3, 27.4)	24.7 (6.2, 34.5)	0.143
TAR (> 13.9 mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	1.2 (0.2, 3.0)	2.4 (0.3, 6.6)	3.9 (0.6, 10.7)	0.135
Coefficient of variation, median (25th-75th percentiles)	36.6 (31.7, 40.9)	36.1 (32.6, 40.0)	35.7 (30.0, 43.3)	0.959
MAGE (mmol/L), median (25th-75th percentiles)	5.5 (4.6, 6.6)	6.3 (5.4, 7.3)	7.3 (4.9, 8.5)	0.446
Diabetic microangiopathy	7 (25.0)	10 (35.7)	16 (59.3)	0.030
Atherosclerosis	3 (10.7)	5 (17.9)	5 (18.5)	0.674

¹Significant difference between high and low hemoglobin glycation index group, corrected for multiple comparisons using the Bonferroni method.

HGI: Hemoglobin glycation index; GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; IA-2A: Insulinoma-associated protein 2 antibody; ZnT8A: Zinc transporter 8 antibody; MET: Metabolic equivalent; DD: Double diabetes; RBC: Red blood cell; TBR: Time below range; TIR: Time in range; TAR: Time above range; MAGE: Mean amplitude glycemic excursion.