Hemoglobin glycation index among adults with type 1 diabetes: Association with double diabetes features

doi:10.4239/wjd.v16.i4.100917

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Apr 15, 2025 (publication date) through Feb 28, 2025

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Observational Study

World J Diabetes. Apr 15, 2025; 16(4): 100917
Published online Apr 15, 2025. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v16.i4.100917

Table 1 Characteristics of the study participants, n (%)

Characteristics	T1D (n = 83)
Male	33 (39.8)
Age (years), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	32.8 (26.7, 38.0)
Age at onset (years), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	14.8 (9.9, 23.0)
Duration of diabetes (years), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	15.1 (13.2, 19.1)
GADA +, IA-2A +, or ZnT8A +	50 (60.2)
Preserved β-cell function	52 (62.7)
Insulin pump users	37 (44.6)
Daily insulin dose (U/kg/day), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	0.60 (0.50, 0.72)
DD features
0	26 (31.3)
1-2	37 (44.6)
≥ 3	20 (24.1)
Positive family history of T2D	16 (19.3)
Hypertension	10 (12.0)
Atherogenic dyslipidemia	9 (10.8)
Overweight/obesity/central obesity	18 (21.7)
Abnormal PBF and/or VFA	38 (45.8)
eIS ≤ 4.66 mg/kg/minute	29 (34.9)
HbA1c, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	6.9 (6.3, 7.6)
Mean glucose (mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	7.4 (6.6, 8.2)
GMI, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	6.5 (6.2, 6.8)
HGI, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	0.35 (0.02, 1.06)
TBR (< 3.0 mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	0.80 (0.20, 1.75)
TBR (< 3.9 mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	7.6 (5.0, 11.5)
TIR, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	73.7 (63.2, 83.5)
TAR (> 10.0 mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	17.5 (7.6, 26.9)
TAR (> 13.9 mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	2.2 (0.3, 7.2)
Coefficient of variation, median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	36.1 (31.3, 41.1)
MAGE (mmol/L), median (25^th-75^th percentiles)	6.0 (4.7, 7.6)
Diabetic nephropathy	12 (14.4)
Diabetic retinopathy	22 (26.5)
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy	16 (19.3)
Diabetic microangiopathy	33 (39.8)
Atherosclerosis	13 (15.7)

T1D: Type 1 diabetes; GADA: Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody; IA-2A: Insulinoma-associated protein 2 antibody; ZnT8A: Zinc transporter 8 antibody; DD: Double diabetes; T2D: Type 2 diabetes; PBF: Percent total body fat; VFA: Visceral fat area; eIS: Estimated insulin sensitivity; HbA1c: Glycated hemoglobin; GMI: Glucose management indicator; HGI: Hemoglobin glycation index; TBR: Time below range; TIR: Time in range; TAR: Time above range; MAGE: Mean amplitude glycemic excursion.

Citation: Ji XL, Yin M, Deng C, Fan L, Xie YT, Huang FS, Chen Y, Li X. Hemoglobin glycation index among adults with type 1 diabetes: Association with double diabetes features. World J Diabetes 2025; 16(4): 100917
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v16/i4/100917.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v16.i4.100917